Pimephales promelas

Fathead minnow

Maximum lifespan

2 yr

AnAge record

mtDNA size

16,709 bp

RefSeq NC_028087.1

GC content

42.94%

Whole genome

Non-coding

1,124 bp

D-loop 1,050 bp

Where Fathead minnow sits among 2,335 species

Whole-genome GC content against maximum lifespan. Fathead minnow has the 2,269th longest lifespan of them.

This species
Other ray-finned fishes
Other classes

Plot other mtDNA features with this species highlighted

Base composition

Whole genome16,709 bp

GC skew (G − C) / (G + C): −0.207
AT skew (A − T) / (A + T): +0.022

Life history

Maximum lifespan: 2 years
Female sexual maturity: 60 days
Male sexual maturity: 60 days
Gestation or incubation: 5 days
Litter or clutch size: 4,500

Lifespan from AnAge · AnAge record · other traits from AnAge build 15 (HAGRID 03974)

About this record

Lifespan source: AnAge build 15
Based on: an animal in the wild
Data quality: acceptable, medium sample
Licence: Free to use, subject to the Human Ageing Genomic Resources conditions of use
Status: New in build 2
In the database since: build 2 (2026-11-13)

Every change against the 2015 build is in the changelog download.

Composition by region

Reference (L) strand as deposited in RefSeq

Whole genome16,709 bp

Protein-coding11,404 bp

12S rRNA951 bp

16S rRNA1,670 bp

All tRNA1,561 bp

D-loop1,050 bp

Genes and regions

Select a column to sort; select a gene to compare it across species

Base composition of Pimephales promelas genes

ND1NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1	975 bp	25.2%	30.5%	16.2%	28.1%	44.31%	−0.269	−0.094
ND2NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2	1,045 bp	27.8%	27.4%	15.1%	29.7%	44.79%	−0.325	+0.009
COX1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I	1,551 bp	26.5%	31.4%	17.6%	24.5%	42.10%	−0.164	−0.085
COX2Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II	691 bp	31.4%	27.8%	15.2%	25.6%	40.81%	−0.255	+0.061
ATP8ATP synthase F0 subunit 8	165 bp	37.0%	26.7%	8.5%	27.9%	36.36%	−0.533	+0.162
ATP6ATP synthase F0 subunit 6	684 bp	28.1%	32.0%	13.0%	26.9%	39.91%	−0.348	−0.066
COX3Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III	785 bp	26.0%	29.8%	18.2%	26.0%	44.20%	−0.176	−0.068
ND3NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3	349 bp	26.1%	30.1%	17.2%	26.6%	43.84%	−0.216	−0.071
ND4LNADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L	297 bp	27.6%	31.6%	15.2%	25.6%	40.74%	−0.256	−0.068
ND4NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4	1,382 bp	27.6%	30.2%	15.1%	27.1%	42.19%	−0.286	−0.044
ND5NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5	1,836 bp	29.2%	30.1%	14.6%	26.1%	40.69%	−0.282	−0.014
ND6NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6	522 bp	36.2%	19.7%	14.4%	29.7%	44.06%	−0.348	+0.295
CYTBCytochrome b	1,141 bp	27.1%	29.8%	15.4%	27.7%	43.12%	−0.285	−0.048
12S rRNA12S ribosomal RNA	951 bp	30.4%	19.5%	23.6%	26.6%	50.16%	−0.061	+0.219
16S rRNA16S ribosomal RNA	1,670 bp	33.7%	21.4%	21.6%	23.3%	44.85%	−0.039	+0.223
D-loopControl region (D-loop)	1,050 bp	31.7%	32.6%	14.5%	21.2%	35.71%	−0.189	−0.013

Codon usage

Counts per codon, darker is more frequent

Gene

3,805 codons in all protein-coding genes. Grouped with the Vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2).

Phe F6.0%

UUU126

UUC103

Leu L16.5%

UUA130

UUG28

CUU151

CUC90

CUA179

CUG48

Ile I7.2%

AUU200

AUC73

Met M4.6%

AUA125

AUG50

Val V6.4%

GUU54

GUC49

GUA117

GUG22

Ser S6.2%

UCU54

UCC45

UCA81

UCG5

AGU16

AGC36

Pro P5.6%

CCU57

CCC56

CCA87

CCG14

Thr T7.8%

ACU66

ACC101

ACA119

ACG12

Ala A9.3%

GCU75

GCC131

GCA134

GCG12

Tyr Y3.0%

UAU56

UAC59

His H2.7%

CAU44

CAC60

Gln Q2.6%

CAA84

CAG14

Asn N3.0%

AAU63

AAC50

Lys K2.0%

AAA59

AAG19

Asp D2.0%

GAU32

GAC45

Glu E2.6%

GAA75

GAG25

Cys C0.7%

UGU10

UGC17

Trp W3.2%

UGA110

UGG10

Arg R2.0%

CGU12

CGC13

CGA41

CGG10

Gly G6.4%

GGU48

GGC52

GGA96

GGG48

Stop 0.2%

UAA6

UAG1

AGA0

AGG0

Genome map

38 annotated features in NC_028087.1

Hover, tap or tab to a feature to see its position, length, strand and GC content. Genes and rRNAs open their own pages.

Protein-coding13
rRNA2
tRNA22
D-loop1

Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (42.9%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).

All 38 features as a table

Annotated features of Pimephales promelas (NC_028087.1)
Feature	Type	Start	End	Length	Strand	GC
tRNA-Phe	Transfer RNA	1	69	69 bp	+	–
12S rRNA	Ribosomal RNA	70	1,020	951 bp	+	50.2%
tRNA-Val	Transfer RNA	1,027	1,098	72 bp	+	–
16S rRNA	Ribosomal RNA	1,099	2,768	1,670 bp	+	44.9%
tRNA-Leu (UUR)	Transfer RNA	2,782	2,857	76 bp	+	–
ND1	Protein-coding gene	2,859	3,833	975 bp	+	44.3%
tRNA-Ile	Transfer RNA	3,838	3,909	72 bp	+	–
tRNA-Gln	Transfer RNA	3,908	3,978	71 bp	−	–
tRNA-Met	Transfer RNA	3,980	4,048	69 bp	+	–
ND2	Protein-coding gene	4,049	5,093	1,045 bp	+	44.8%
tRNA-Trp	Transfer RNA	5,094	5,164	71 bp	+	–
tRNA-Ala	Transfer RNA	5,166	5,234	69 bp	−	–
tRNA-Asn	Transfer RNA	5,236	5,308	73 bp	−	–
tRNA-Cys	Transfer RNA	5,339	5,406	68 bp	−	–
tRNA-Tyr	Transfer RNA	5,407	5,477	71 bp	−	–
COX1	Protein-coding gene	5,479	7,029	1,551 bp	+	42.1%
tRNA-Ser (UCN)	Transfer RNA	7,030	7,100	71 bp	−	–
tRNA-Asp	Transfer RNA	7,104	7,176	73 bp	+	–
COX2	Protein-coding gene	7,183	7,873	691 bp	+	40.8%
tRNA-Lys	Transfer RNA	7,874	7,949	76 bp	+	–
ATP8	Protein-coding gene	7,951	8,115	165 bp	+	36.4%
ATP6	Protein-coding gene	8,109	8,792	684 bp	+	39.9%
COX3	Protein-coding gene	8,792	9,576	785 bp	+	44.2%
tRNA-Gly	Transfer RNA	9,576	9,647	72 bp	+	–
ND3	Protein-coding gene	9,648	9,996	349 bp	+	43.8%
tRNA-Arg	Transfer RNA	9,997	10,065	69 bp	+	–
ND4L	Protein-coding gene	10,066	10,362	297 bp	+	40.7%
ND4	Protein-coding gene	10,356	11,737	1,382 bp	+	42.2%
tRNA-His	Transfer RNA	11,738	11,806	69 bp	+	–
tRNA-Ser (AGY)	Transfer RNA	11,807	11,875	69 bp	+	–
tRNA-Leu (CUN)	Transfer RNA	11,877	11,949	73 bp	+	–
ND5	Protein-coding gene	11,950	13,785	1,836 bp	+	40.7%
ND6	Protein-coding gene	13,782	14,303	522 bp	−	44.1%
tRNA-Glu	Transfer RNA	14,304	14,372	69 bp	−	–
CYTB	Protein-coding gene	14,378	15,518	1,141 bp	+	43.1%
tRNA-Thr	Transfer RNA	15,519	15,590	72 bp	+	–
tRNA-Pro	Transfer RNA	15,590	15,659	70 bp	−	–
D-loop	Control region	15,660	16,709	1,050 bp	–	35.7%