ATP6ATP synthase F0 subunit 6

ATP6 encodes subunit a of ATP synthase (Complex V). Together with the rotating ring of c subunits it forms the path through which protons cross the membrane and drive ATP synthesis. In vertebrates its gene overlaps the end of ATP8.

Median length

684 bp

Range 168–795 bp

Median GC content

42.8%

Middle half 39.2%–45.8%

Species with data

2,335

Of 2,335 genomes

Strand

+ strand

In 2,327 of 2,335 genomes

ATP6 in the mitochondrial genome of

Human Homo sapiens

RefSeq NC_012920.1 · 16,569 bp · GC 44.4% · ATP6 at 8,527–9,207, 681 bp, + strand · Species page

ATP6Protein-coding gene

ATP synthase F0 subunit 6

Position: 8,527–9,207
Length: 681 bp
Strand: +
GC content: 44.2%

ATP6 across all species

Protein-coding13
rRNA2
tRNA22
D-loop1

Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (44.4%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).

GC content of ATP6 across classes

2,335 species, reference strand as deposited in RefSeq

Mammalsn 627 · median 39.4% · middle half 37.7%–41.0%

Birdsn 423 · median 45.9% · middle half 44.9%–47.1%

Ray-finned fishesn 895 · median 44.9% · middle half 42.5%–46.9%

Reptilesn 136 · median 39.5% · middle half 37.4%–42.4%

Sharks and raysn 87 · median 37.0% · middle half 35.7%–40.6%

Amphibiansn 47 · median 37.8% · middle half 33.6%–41.3%

Other classesn 120 · median 34.5% · middle half 31.8%–36.4%

Each dot is one species. Boxes span the middle half of the species (25th to 75th percentile) and the thick line marks the median; thin lines run from the lowest to the highest value.

Compare ATP6 across taxa

GC content of ATP6 against lifespan

One point per species, coloured by class

Hover or tap a point to see the species; select it again to open its page. Legend buttons spotlight a class.

Open in the plot

Correlation with maximum lifespan

All species, each class and each order with enough species

MeasureGC%LengthGC skewAT skew

GC content of ATP6 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 6 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of GC content of ATP6 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,202	+0.09	−0.01	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.07	+0.22
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.11	+0.07	0.004 (significant)	+0.10	−0.06
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	+0.35	+0.29	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.07	+0.25
Birdsclass Aves	405	+0.05	+0.05	0.47	−0.01	+0.02
Reptilesclass Reptilia	126	+0.09	+0.16	0.54	+0.12	+0.06
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	+0.02	+0.04	1.00	+0.02	−0.10
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	+0.11	+0.09	1.00	+0.16	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	−0.23	−0.25	0.72	+0.21	–
Perciformesorder	208	−0.08	−0.22	0.39	+0.09	−0.29
Passeriformesorder	140	−0.09	−0.09	0.45	−0.04	+0.01
Artiodactylaorder	134	+0.24	+0.13	0.017 (significant)	+0.03	+0.11
Cypriniformesorder	127	−0.05	−0.10	0.69	+0.09	+0.51
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.28	+0.33	0.009 (significant)	+0.24	+0.21
Primatesorder	112	+0.42	+0.34	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.06	+0.08
Rodentiaorder	87	+0.15	+0.13	0.33	−0.03	+0.13
Squamataorder	60	+0.14	+0.20	0.77	+0.17	+0.20
Charadriiformesorder	51	−0.03	−0.04	0.92	−0.04	−0.04
Testudinesorder	49	+0.13	+0.15	0.76	+0.10	−0.02
Psittaciformesorder	44	−0.04	−0.10	0.89	−0.05	+0.04
Chiropteraorder	43	+0.07	+0.05	0.90	+0.17	+0.03
Clupeiformesorder	38	+0.12	+0.24	0.87	+0.23	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	+0.23	+0.08	0.41	−0.10	−0.34
Salmoniformesorder	35	+0.29	+0.29	0.41	+0.29	+0.30
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	−0.08	−0.01	0.82	−0.14	−0.26
Cetaceaorder	28	−0.27	+0.01	0.40	−0.03	−0.30
Anseriformesorder	25	−0.31	−0.34	0.43	+0.11	−0.18
Caudataorder	25	+0.28	+0.21	0.79	+0.23	–
Siluriformesorder	24	+0.34	+0.28	0.28	+0.43	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	+0.44	+0.30	0.23	+0.36	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	+0.52	+0.42	0.065	+0.42	+0.18
Rajiformesorder	21	−0.11	+0.13	0.90	+0.02	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.08	−0.12	0.96	+0.08	–

Length of ATP6 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 29 groups; 1 passes q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of Length of ATP6 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,202	+0.00	−0.09	0.87	−0.01	+0.00
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.02	+0.01	0.73	−0.02	+0.01
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	−0.08	+0.04	0.066	+0.04	−0.02
Birdsclass Aves	405	−0.05	−0.08	0.40	−0.03	+0.00
Reptilesclass Reptilia	126	+0.34	+0.46	0.002 (significant)	−0.09	+0.13
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	−0.08	−0.08	1.00	−0.03	+0.04
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	+0.04	+0.06	1.00	+0.04	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	+0.12	+0.09	0.87	+0.03	–
Perciformesorder	208	+0.02	+0.00	0.86	−0.01	−0.02
Passeriformesorder	140	−0.03	−0.04	0.87	−0.00	+0.00
Artiodactylaorder	134	−0.15	−0.04	0.16	−0.01	+0.04
Cypriniformesorder	127	+0.20	+0.27	0.081	+0.03	−0.14
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.17	+0.14	0.14	+0.11	+0.21
Primatesorder	112	−0.03	−0.05	0.83	+0.02	+0.07
Rodentiaorder	87	−0.07	−0.17	0.68	+0.07	−0.11
Squamataorder	60	+0.42	+0.16	0.077	+0.02	+0.42
Charadriiformesorder	51	+0.02	+0.07	0.94	+0.06	+0.03
Testudinesorder	49	+0.01	−0.07	0.98	−0.05	+0.02
Psittaciformesorder	44	+0.08	−0.03	0.77	−0.01	+0.10
Clupeiformesorder	38	+0.03	−0.07	0.98	−0.02	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	+0.09	−0.11	0.79	+0.10	−0.11
Salmoniformesorder	35	+0.05	−0.03	0.95	−0.08	+0.08
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	−0.07	−0.03	0.87	−0.16	+0.09
Cetaceaorder	28	+0.19	+0.23	0.59	+0.33	+0.21
Caudataorder	25	+0.20	+0.26	0.79	+0.21	–
Siluriformesorder	24	−0.05	−0.01	0.89	+0.07	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	−0.08	−0.03	0.85	+0.17	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	−0.17	−0.17	0.71	−0.28	−0.05
Scombriformesorder	21	−0.04	+0.02	0.98	−0.20	–

GC skew of ATP6 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 7 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of GC skew of ATP6 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,202	−0.24	−0.29	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.06	−0.23
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	−0.14	−0.20	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.10	+0.04
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	−0.18	−0.24	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.05	−0.14
Birdsclass Aves	405	−0.19	−0.21	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.04	−0.14
Reptilesclass Reptilia	126	−0.08	−0.07	0.63	−0.06	+0.02
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	−0.06	−0.08	1.00	+0.35	+0.16
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	−0.11	−0.16	1.00	+0.02	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	+0.12	+0.20	0.88	+0.03	–
Perciformesorder	208	−0.13	−0.16	0.13	−0.06	−0.06
Passeriformesorder	140	+0.03	+0.00	0.85	+0.13	−0.15
Artiodactylaorder	134	−0.14	+0.01	0.19	+0.11	+0.04
Cypriniformesorder	127	+0.07	+0.07	0.61	+0.19	+0.40
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.25	+0.19	0.019 (significant)	+0.03	+0.02
Primatesorder	112	−0.31	−0.34	0.002 (significant)	−0.09	−0.15
Rodentiaorder	87	−0.01	+0.11	0.94	+0.12	−0.06
Squamataorder	60	−0.06	−0.13	0.90	−0.12	+0.08
Charadriiformesorder	51	+0.31	+0.28	0.16	−0.10	+0.20
Testudinesorder	49	−0.23	−0.23	0.60	−0.03	−0.04
Psittaciformesorder	44	+0.15	+0.09	0.58	+0.05	−0.13
Chiropteraorder	43	+0.35	+0.32	0.38	+0.32	+0.48
Clupeiformesorder	38	−0.24	−0.29	0.58	+0.02	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	−0.06	−0.11	0.88	+0.10	−0.19
Salmoniformesorder	35	+0.03	+0.14	0.96	−0.12	+0.50
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	−0.15	−0.17	0.71	+0.01	+0.44
Cetaceaorder	28	−0.46	−0.30	0.10	−0.27	−0.08
Anseriformesorder	25	−0.27	−0.16	0.47	+0.13	−0.24
Caudataorder	25	−0.12	−0.26	0.87	+0.04	–
Siluriformesorder	24	−0.47	−0.45	0.092	−0.29	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	−0.12	−0.02	0.75	+0.15	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	−0.64	−0.08	0.013 (significant)	−0.71	−0.40
Rajiformesorder	21	+0.26	+0.25	0.89	+0.49	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.14	+0.31	0.89	−0.06	–

AT skew of ATP6 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 7 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of AT skew of ATP6 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,202	+0.32	+0.34	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.04	+0.22
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.24	+0.22	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.04	+0.11
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	+0.25	+0.25	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.04	+0.08
Birdsclass Aves	405	+0.02	−0.00	0.83	−0.10	+0.11
Reptilesclass Reptilia	126	+0.14	+0.16	0.31	+0.09	−0.05
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	+0.05	+0.13	1.00	−0.34	−0.28
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	+0.09	+0.01	1.00	+0.03	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	−0.02	+0.06	0.97	−0.03	–
Perciformesorder	208	+0.39	+0.40	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.01	+0.14
Passeriformesorder	140	−0.14	−0.09	0.24	−0.22	+0.03
Artiodactylaorder	134	+0.10	+0.06	0.36	+0.01	−0.12
Cypriniformesorder	127	+0.29	+0.31	0.008 (significant)	−0.08	−0.28
Carnivoraorder	123	−0.15	−0.10	0.19	+0.12	+0.18
Primatesorder	112	+0.27	+0.31	0.007 (significant)	+0.10	−0.02
Rodentiaorder	87	−0.22	−0.32	0.12	+0.03	−0.06
Squamataorder	60	−0.14	−0.11	0.77	+0.11	−0.33
Charadriiformesorder	51	+0.09	+0.07	0.76	+0.04	−0.04
Testudinesorder	49	+0.21	+0.22	0.60	+0.12	+0.03
Psittaciformesorder	44	−0.49	−0.45	0.013 (significant)	−0.26	−0.21
Chiropteraorder	43	−0.00	−0.03	0.99	−0.05	−0.12
Clupeiformesorder	38	+0.32	+0.28	0.47	−0.51	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	−0.30	−0.25	0.25	−0.09	−0.16
Salmoniformesorder	35	+0.03	+0.02	0.97	−0.08	−0.01
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	+0.04	+0.09	0.92	−0.15	−0.50
Cetaceaorder	28	+0.16	+0.16	0.65	+0.19	−0.26
Anseriformesorder	25	−0.10	+0.02	0.83	+0.02	+0.15
Caudataorder	25	−0.06	+0.05	0.89	−0.10	–
Siluriformesorder	24	+0.39	+0.28	0.19	+0.24	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	−0.27	−0.24	0.44	−0.35	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	+0.34	+0.29	0.34	+0.59	+0.08
Rajiformesorder	21	−0.12	+0.08	0.90	−0.44	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.47	+0.43	0.44	+0.40	–

n: species with both values in the group.
Pearson r, Spearman ρ: strength of the link with log₁₀ lifespan, from −1 to +1; Spearman uses ranks, so a few extreme species weigh less.
q: p-value adjusted for testing every mtDNA feature in the same group (Benjamini–Hochberg); rows with q < 0.05 are highlighted.
PIC r: the same test on phylogenetically independent contrasts, which removes similarity that comes from shared ancestry.
Partial r: the link with lifespan after accounting for body mass (log₁₀ adult weight), since bigger animals tend to live longer.

ATP6 aligned across species

2,316 species, 407 columns; 227 columns have a residue in at least half of the species, and in 88 of those one residue is in 90% or more. MAFFT v7.526, FFT-NS-2 (progressive)

Loading the alignment of ATP6: 2,316 species, 407 columns.

All alignment files

Codon usage of ATP6

Vertebrates, vertebrate mitochondrial code

Most used codons

Share of all 505,596 sense codons of ATP6 in 2,231 vertebrates

CUALeu8.6%
AUUIle5.0%
ACAThr4.5%
AUCIle4.3%
CUCLeu4.2%
CUULeu4.1%
UUALeu3.9%
ACCThr3.4%

Preferred codon for each amino acid

Most used synonymous codon and its RSCU, pooled by class; darker cells show a stronger preference

Preferred codon and RSCU for each amino acid in ATP6, by class
Amino acid	All vertebratesn 2,231	Mammalsn 627	Birdsn 423	Ray-finned fishesn 895	Reptilesn 136	Sharks and raysn 87	Amphibiansn 47
PheF · 2 codons	UUU1.01	UUU1.05	UUC1.58	UUU1.13	UUU1.07	UUU1.22	UUU1.46
LeuL · 6 codons	CUA2.27	CUA2.58	CUA2.92	CUA1.79	CUA2.59	UUA1.90	UUA2.01
IleI · 2 codons	AUU1.08	AUU1.17	AUC1.53	AUU1.24	AUC1.10	AUU1.37	AUU1.43
MetM · 2 codons	AUA1.44	AUA1.55	AUA1.60	AUA1.17	AUA1.67	AUA1.63	AUA1.59
ValV · 4 codons	GUA1.69	GUA2.18	GUA1.66	GUA1.42	GUA2.04	GUA1.93	GUA1.57
SerS · 6 codons	AGC1.75	UCA1.91	UCA1.83	AGC2.45	UCA2.16	AGC1.88	UCA1.73
ProP · 4 codons	CCA1.63	CCA1.49	CCA1.99	CCC1.55	CCA2.60	CCA2.10	CCA2.20
ThrT · 4 codons	ACA1.76	ACA1.77	ACA1.83	ACA1.69	ACA1.94	ACA1.63	ACA1.87
AlaA · 4 codons	GCC1.82	GCC1.75	GCC2.23	GCC1.74	GCC1.95	GCA1.61	GCC1.49
TyrY · 2 codons	UAC1.24	UAC1.16	UAC1.56	UAC1.25	UAC1.18	UAU1.37	UAU1.28
HisH · 2 codons	CAC1.28	CAC1.25	CAC1.51	CAC1.25	CAC1.29	CAU1.09	CAC1.19
GlnQ · 2 codons	CAA1.75	CAA1.82	CAA1.82	CAA1.64	CAA1.85	CAA1.89	CAA1.87
AsnN · 2 codons	AAC1.30	AAC1.16	AAC1.73	AAC1.25	AAC1.40	AAC1.07	AAC1.06
LysK · 2 codons	AAA1.73	AAA1.75	AAA1.79	AAA1.53	AAA1.83	AAA1.94	AAA1.61
AspD · 2 codons	GAC1.37	GAC1.09	GAC1.63	GAC1.46	GAC1.25	GAU1.05	GAC1.08
GluE · 2 codons	GAA1.77	GAA1.77	GAA1.85	GAA1.73	GAA1.78	GAA1.88	GAA1.80
CysC · 2 codons	UGC1.43	UGU1.02	UGC1.85	UGC1.56	UGC1.10	UGU2.00	UGC1.43
TrpW · 2 codons	UGA1.75	UGA1.76	UGA1.79	UGA1.70	UGA1.79	UGA1.90	UGA1.76
ArgR · 4 codons	CGA2.25	CGA2.19	CGA1.93	CGA2.31	CGA2.62	CGA2.83	CGA2.33
GlyG · 4 codons	GGA1.63	GGA1.95	GGC1.77	GGC1.42	GGA2.05	GGA1.68	GGA1.66

RSCU (relative synonymous codon usage) compares a codon with even use of all codons for its amino acid: 1 means no preference, and the maximum equals the number of synonymous codons. Counts are summed over vertebrate species and read with the vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2); other animals use different codes and are left out.