ND1NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1

ND1 is a core membrane subunit of Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), the first enzyme of the respiratory chain. It sits where the membrane arm meets the peripheral arm and lines part of the cavity in which ubiquinone binds.

Median length

975 bp

Range 795–999 bp

Median GC content

44.5%

Middle half 40.9%–47.3%

Species with data

2,334

Of 2,335 genomes

Strand

+ strand

In 2,277 of 2,334 genomes

ND1 in the mitochondrial genome of

Human Homo sapiens

RefSeq NC_012920.1 · 16,569 bp · GC 44.4% · ND1 at 3,307–4,262, 956 bp, + strand · Species page

ND1Protein-coding gene

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1

Position: 3,307–4,262
Length: 956 bp
Strand: +
GC content: 47.7%

ND1 across all species

Protein-coding13
rRNA2
tRNA22
D-loop1

Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (44.4%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).

GC content of ND1 across classes

2,334 species, reference strand as deposited in RefSeq

Mammalsn 627 · median 41.1% · middle half 39.2%–42.6%

Birdsn 422 · median 46.6% · middle half 45.1%–48.1%

Ray-finned fishesn 895 · median 47.1% · middle half 45.3%–48.5%

Reptilesn 136 · median 40.9% · middle half 39.0%–43.5%

Sharks and raysn 87 · median 40.5% · middle half 39.2%–42.7%

Amphibiansn 47 · median 37.7% · middle half 34.9%–40.4%

Other classesn 120 · median 34.2% · middle half 31.8%–37.5%

Each dot is one species. Boxes span the middle half of the species (25th to 75th percentile) and the thick line marks the median; thin lines run from the lowest to the highest value.

Compare ND1 across taxa

GC content of ND1 against lifespan

One point per species, coloured by class

Hover or tap a point to see the species; select it again to open its page. Legend buttons spotlight a class.

Open in the plot

Correlation with maximum lifespan

All species, each class and each order with enough species

MeasureGC%LengthGC skewAT skew

GC content of ND1 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 5 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of GC content of ND1 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,201	+0.06	−0.05	0.005 (significant)	+0.04	+0.21
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.04	−0.04	0.31	−0.05	−0.11
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	+0.40	+0.34	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.18	+0.32
Birdsclass Aves	404	+0.06	+0.05	0.33	+0.07	+0.01
Reptilesclass Reptilia	126	+0.09	+0.10	0.53	+0.01	+0.02
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	+0.03	−0.00	1.00	+0.28	−0.05
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	+0.06	+0.05	1.00	+0.20	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	−0.18	−0.10	0.80	+0.14	–
Perciformesorder	208	+0.08	−0.14	0.37	+0.05	−0.11
Passeriformesorder	140	−0.11	−0.14	0.36	+0.08	−0.01
Artiodactylaorder	134	+0.37	+0.23	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.16	+0.10
Cypriniformesorder	127	+0.01	−0.04	0.94	+0.11	+0.46
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.25	+0.26	0.019 (significant)	+0.26	+0.25
Primatesorder	112	+0.42	+0.31	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.17	+0.11
Rodentiaorder	87	+0.11	+0.11	0.46	+0.13	+0.07
Squamataorder	60	+0.24	+0.23	0.43	+0.14	+0.31
Charadriiformesorder	51	+0.24	+0.28	0.30	+0.07	+0.19
Testudinesorder	49	+0.15	+0.14	0.74	−0.07	−0.03
Psittaciformesorder	44	−0.25	−0.20	0.27	−0.22	−0.15
Chiropteraorder	43	+0.13	+0.10	0.90	+0.31	+0.11
Clupeiformesorder	38	−0.09	−0.02	0.94	−0.21	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	+0.07	−0.20	0.84	−0.05	−0.20
Salmoniformesorder	35	+0.11	+0.06	0.88	+0.26	+0.13
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	+0.05	+0.05	0.91	−0.03	−0.02
Cetaceaorder	28	−0.03	+0.18	0.93	−0.05	−0.28
Anseriformesorder	25	−0.39	−0.26	0.40	+0.06	−0.28
Caudataorder	25	+0.17	+0.11	0.83	+0.29	–
Siluriformesorder	24	+0.31	+0.36	0.33	+0.30	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	+0.37	+0.06	0.29	+0.42	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	+0.13	−0.01	0.76	+0.41	−0.26
Rajiformesorder	21	−0.13	+0.04	0.90	+0.38	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.19	+0.04	0.85	+0.26	–

Length of ND1 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 29 groups; 2 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of Length of ND1 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,201	+0.02	−0.07	0.34	+0.01	+0.21
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.03	−0.02	0.54	+0.03	+0.03
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	+0.10	+0.14	0.026 (significant)	+0.04	−0.05
Birdsclass Aves	404	−0.02	+0.10	0.81	+0.01	+0.16
Reptilesclass Reptilia	126	+0.21	+0.23	0.088	−0.14	+0.24
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	+0.18	+0.06	1.00	+0.04	+0.01
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	−0.10	−0.13	1.00	+0.04	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	−0.13	−0.11	0.85	−0.18	–
Perciformesorder	208	+0.08	+0.05	0.37	+0.05	+0.12
Passeriformesorder	140	+0.05	+0.06	0.79	+0.01	+0.11
Artiodactylaorder	134	+0.19	+0.20	0.078	+0.07	+0.25
Cypriniformesorder	127	+0.04	−0.04	0.75	−0.04	–
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.26	+0.20	0.017 (significant)	+0.10	−0.02
Primatesorder	112	+0.08	+0.05	0.50	+0.18	+0.02
Rodentiaorder	87	+0.20	+0.44	0.15	−0.25	+0.01
Squamataorder	60	+0.08	+0.01	0.88	−0.35	+0.14
Charadriiformesorder	51	−0.12	−0.15	0.70	+0.01	−0.10
Testudinesorder	49	+0.20	+0.26	0.60	+0.27	+0.25
Psittaciformesorder	44	+0.27	+0.30	0.23	+0.14	−0.03
Chiropteraorder	43	+0.29	+0.13	0.53	+0.34	+0.30
Clupeiformesorder	38	+0.13	+0.19	0.87	+0.02	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	+0.40	+0.50	0.13	+0.08	–
Salmoniformesorder	35	−0.00	0.00	0.99	−0.06	+0.07
Cetaceaorder	28	−0.06	−0.11	0.87	−0.02	−0.19
Anseriformesorder	25	+0.02	−0.01	0.95	+0.01	+0.05
Caudataorder	25	−0.21	−0.32	0.79	−0.13	–
Siluriformesorder	24	+0.11	+0.14	0.75	+0.09	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	+0.15	+0.22	0.67	+0.05	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.22	+0.28	0.85	+0.01	–

GC skew of ND1 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 9 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of GC skew of ND1 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,201	−0.25	−0.35	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.09	−0.11
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	−0.15	−0.23	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.12	+0.06
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	−0.30	−0.33	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.01	−0.27
Birdsclass Aves	404	−0.13	−0.16	0.029 (significant)	+0.13	−0.05
Reptilesclass Reptilia	126	+0.17	+0.13	0.20	−0.03	+0.11
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	+0.01	+0.00	1.00	−0.36	+0.26
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	−0.18	−0.15	1.00	+0.04	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	+0.05	−0.05	0.95	−0.03	–
Perciformesorder	208	−0.04	−0.07	0.72	+0.04	+0.38
Passeriformesorder	140	+0.25	+0.22	0.027 (significant)	+0.21	+0.10
Artiodactylaorder	134	−0.25	−0.10	0.013 (significant)	+0.09	−0.01
Cypriniformesorder	127	−0.16	−0.22	0.19	+0.04	+0.38
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.21	+0.15	0.052	+0.21	+0.04
Primatesorder	112	−0.40	−0.35	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.13	−0.14
Rodentiaorder	87	−0.19	−0.16	0.17	+0.07	−0.07
Squamataorder	60	−0.19	−0.18	0.63	−0.03	+0.05
Charadriiformesorder	51	+0.41	+0.28	0.046 (significant)	+0.18	+0.13
Testudinesorder	49	−0.23	−0.18	0.60	−0.09	−0.28
Psittaciformesorder	44	+0.33	+0.25	0.11	+0.08	−0.01
Chiropteraorder	43	+0.07	+0.06	0.90	−0.13	+0.08
Clupeiformesorder	38	−0.01	−0.05	0.99	+0.10	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	+0.11	+0.12	0.76	+0.28	+0.54
Salmoniformesorder	35	−0.05	+0.00	0.95	−0.01	+0.27
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	−0.17	−0.19	0.65	−0.09	+0.43
Cetaceaorder	28	−0.18	−0.22	0.61	+0.11	+0.29
Anseriformesorder	25	+0.38	+0.35	0.40	+0.07	+0.28
Caudataorder	25	−0.25	−0.16	0.79	−0.03	–
Siluriformesorder	24	−0.04	−0.09	0.89	−0.14	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	−0.20	+0.01	0.59	−0.01	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	−0.65	−0.27	0.013 (significant)	−0.71	−0.41
Rajiformesorder	21	+0.20	+0.26	0.90	−0.49	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.30	+0.32	0.73	−0.11	–

AT skew of ND1 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 5 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of AT skew of ND1 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,201	+0.23	+0.30	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.04	+0.06
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.23	+0.19	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.07	−0.04
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	+0.36	+0.32	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.11	+0.20
Birdsclass Aves	404	+0.04	+0.07	0.58	−0.09	+0.11
Reptilesclass Reptilia	126	−0.31	−0.36	0.005 (significant)	+0.04	−0.25
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	+0.05	+0.03	1.00	+0.25	−0.12
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	−0.07	−0.06	1.00	−0.29	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	+0.08	+0.18	0.92	+0.06	–
Perciformesorder	208	+0.09	+0.12	0.33	+0.06	−0.41
Passeriformesorder	140	−0.11	−0.03	0.37	−0.15	−0.00
Artiodactylaorder	134	+0.13	+0.08	0.21	+0.04	−0.11
Cypriniformesorder	127	+0.35	+0.38	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.00	−0.47
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.17	+0.19	0.14	+0.05	+0.27
Primatesorder	112	+0.19	+0.19	0.079	+0.07	+0.20
Rodentiaorder	87	+0.02	−0.05	0.86	+0.06	+0.20
Squamataorder	60	−0.06	−0.08	0.90	+0.16	−0.26
Charadriiformesorder	51	−0.08	−0.14	0.77	−0.07	−0.02
Testudinesorder	49	+0.07	+0.03	0.93	−0.06	−0.01
Psittaciformesorder	44	−0.35	−0.32	0.095	−0.15	+0.00
Chiropteraorder	43	+0.05	+0.02	0.94	+0.32	+0.01
Clupeiformesorder	38	+0.05	+0.04	0.98	−0.09	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	−0.37	−0.31	0.16	−0.22	−0.37
Salmoniformesorder	35	−0.08	−0.16	0.93	+0.13	−0.54
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	+0.19	+0.18	0.61	+0.05	−0.24
Cetaceaorder	28	+0.43	+0.44	0.13	+0.09	−0.13
Anseriformesorder	25	+0.20	+0.22	0.63	+0.24	+0.18
Caudataorder	25	−0.07	−0.06	0.89	−0.33	–
Siluriformesorder	24	+0.46	+0.39	0.098	+0.32	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	−0.20	−0.28	0.59	−0.28	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	+0.54	−0.04	0.054	+0.67	+0.33
Rajiformesorder	21	−0.18	−0.25	0.90	+0.36	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.44	+0.48	0.44	+0.41	–

n: species with both values in the group.
Pearson r, Spearman ρ: strength of the link with log₁₀ lifespan, from −1 to +1; Spearman uses ranks, so a few extreme species weigh less.
q: p-value adjusted for testing every mtDNA feature in the same group (Benjamini–Hochberg); rows with q < 0.05 are highlighted.
PIC r: the same test on phylogenetically independent contrasts, which removes similarity that comes from shared ancestry.
Partial r: the link with lifespan after accounting for body mass (log₁₀ adult weight), since bigger animals tend to live longer.

ND1 aligned across species

2,315 species, 431 columns; 324 columns have a residue in at least half of the species, and in 176 of those one residue is in 90% or more. MAFFT v7.526, FFT-NS-2 (progressive)

Loading the alignment of ND1: 2,315 species, 431 columns.

All alignment files

Codon usage of ND1

Vertebrates, vertebrate mitochondrial code

Most used codons

Share of all 718,286 sense codons of ND1 in 2,230 vertebrates

CUALeu7.6%
GCCAla4.3%
AUCIle3.9%
CUCLeu3.8%
AUUIle3.7%
AUAMet3.5%
GCAAla3.4%
UUCPhe3.3%

Preferred codon for each amino acid

Most used synonymous codon and its RSCU, pooled by class; darker cells show a stronger preference

Preferred codon and RSCU for each amino acid in ND1, by class
Amino acid	All vertebratesn 2,230	Mammalsn 627	Birdsn 422	Ray-finned fishesn 895	Reptilesn 136	Sharks and raysn 87	Amphibiansn 47
PheF · 2 codons	UUC1.15	UUC1.17	UUC1.50	UUC1.01	UUC1.25	UUU1.06	UUU1.40
LeuL · 6 codons	CUA2.39	CUA3.04	CUA2.65	CUA1.84	CUA2.98	CUA2.09	UUA1.88
IleI · 2 codons	AUC1.03	AUC1.05	AUC1.33	AUU1.11	AUC1.15	AUU1.07	AUU1.37
MetM · 2 codons	AUA1.56	AUA1.73	AUA1.46	AUA1.29	AUA1.78	AUA1.71	AUA1.69
ValV · 4 codons	GUA1.77	GUA2.21	GUA2.08	GUA1.42	GUA2.11	GUA1.81	GUA1.72
SerS · 6 codons	UCA2.25	UCA2.85	UCC2.09	UCA1.96	UCA2.87	UCA2.60	UCA2.79
ProP · 4 codons	CCC1.54	CCA1.64	CCA1.72	CCC1.75	CCA2.41	CCA1.90	CCA2.33
ThrT · 4 codons	ACA1.67	ACA2.08	ACC1.71	ACC1.75	ACA1.73	ACC1.56	ACA1.75
AlaA · 4 codons	GCC1.80	GCC1.64	GCC1.78	GCC1.93	GCC1.78	GCC1.72	GCA1.70
TyrY · 2 codons	UAC1.15	UAC1.09	UAC1.36	UAC1.11	UAC1.32	UAU1.19	UAU1.33
HisH · 2 codons	CAC1.41	CAC1.35	CAC1.58	CAC1.42	CAC1.49	CAC1.24	CAC1.28
GlnQ · 2 codons	CAA1.69	CAA1.87	CAA1.61	CAA1.56	CAA1.84	CAA1.83	CAA1.74
AsnN · 2 codons	AAC1.31	AAC1.25	AAC1.61	AAC1.22	AAC1.51	AAC1.17	AAU1.04
LysK · 2 codons	AAA1.76	AAA1.87	AAA1.75	AAA1.65	AAA1.87	AAA1.93	AAA1.82
AspD · 2 codons	GAC1.39	GAC1.36	GAC1.49	GAC1.42	GAC1.44	GAU1.19	GAU1.15
GluE · 2 codons	GAA1.58	GAA1.75	GAA1.53	GAA1.44	GAA1.70	GAA1.83	GAA1.72
CysC · 2 codons	UGC1.48	UGC1.32	UGC1.66	UGC1.29	UGC1.57	UGU1.14	UGC1.29
TrpW · 2 codons	UGA1.72	UGA1.85	UGA1.69	UGA1.62	UGA1.76	UGA1.87	UGA1.75
ArgR · 4 codons	CGA2.48	CGA2.93	CGA2.17	CGA2.34	CGA2.86	CGA1.56	CGA2.68
GlyG · 4 codons	GGA1.46	GGA1.75	GGC1.59	GGC1.37	GGA1.77	GGA1.54	GGA1.69

RSCU (relative synonymous codon usage) compares a codon with even use of all codons for its amino acid: 1 means no preference, and the maximum equals the number of synonymous codons. Counts are summed over vertebrate species and read with the vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2); other animals use different codes and are left out.