ND5NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5

ND5 is the largest mtDNA-encoded subunit of Complex I and the outermost of the three antiporter-like subunits of the membrane arm. A long helix of ND5 runs along the membrane arm, linking the proton-pumping modules.

Median length

1,821 bp

Range 1,518–2,301 bp

Median GC content

42.8%

Middle half 39.2%–45.4%

Species with data

2,334

Of 2,335 genomes

Strand

+ strand

In 2,282 of 2,334 genomes

ND5 in the mitochondrial genome of

Human Homo sapiens

RefSeq NC_012920.1 · 16,569 bp · GC 44.4% · ND5 at 12,337–14,148, 1,812 bp, + strand · Species page

ND5Protein-coding gene

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5

Position: 12,337–14,148
Length: 1,812 bp
Strand: +
GC content: 44.9%

ND5 across all species

Protein-coding13
rRNA2
tRNA22
D-loop1

Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (44.4%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).

GC content of ND5 across classes

2,334 species, reference strand as deposited in RefSeq

Mammalsn 627 · median 39.3% · middle half 37.5%–40.8%

Birdsn 423 · median 45.6% · middle half 44.4%–46.7%

Ray-finned fishesn 895 · median 44.8% · middle half 42.8%–46.3%

Reptilesn 135 · median 39.5% · middle half 38.6%–42.0%

Sharks and raysn 87 · median 38.7% · middle half 36.8%–40.9%

Amphibiansn 47 · median 35.5% · middle half 33.1%–40.0%

Other classesn 120 · median 33.5% · middle half 29.6%–36.8%

Each dot is one species. Boxes span the middle half of the species (25th to 75th percentile) and the thick line marks the median; thin lines run from the lowest to the highest value.

Compare ND5 across taxa

GC content of ND5 against lifespan

One point per species, coloured by class

Hover or tap a point to see the species; select it again to open its page. Legend buttons spotlight a class.

Open in the plot

Correlation with maximum lifespan

All species, each class and each order with enough species

MeasureGC%LengthGC skewAT skew

GC content of ND5 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 6 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of GC content of ND5 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,201	+0.10	−0.02	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.05	+0.24
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.06	+0.01	0.10	+0.04	−0.07
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	+0.46	+0.41	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.11	+0.35
Birdsclass Aves	405	+0.03	−0.01	0.71	−0.03	−0.04
Reptilesclass Reptilia	125	+0.16	+0.18	0.22	−0.03	+0.10
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	+0.05	−0.02	1.00	+0.06	−0.16
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	+0.06	+0.04	1.00	+0.04	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	−0.28	−0.28	0.61	+0.12	–
Perciformesorder	208	−0.01	−0.16	0.93	+0.13	−0.23
Passeriformesorder	140	−0.21	−0.17	0.052	−0.10	−0.00
Artiodactylaorder	134	+0.40	+0.28	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.06	+0.13
Cypriniformesorder	127	−0.01	−0.09	0.91	+0.08	+0.48
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.30	+0.31	0.005 (significant)	+0.30	+0.24
Primatesorder	112	+0.43	+0.34	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.07	+0.19
Rodentiaorder	87	+0.11	+0.12	0.46	+0.07	+0.08
Squamataorder	60	+0.08	+0.12	0.88	+0.02	+0.24
Charadriiformesorder	51	+0.25	+0.22	0.27	+0.09	+0.13
Testudinesorder	49	+0.04	−0.08	0.95	−0.21	−0.11
Psittaciformesorder	44	−0.20	−0.22	0.41	−0.11	−0.01
Chiropteraorder	43	+0.10	−0.01	0.90	+0.23	+0.06
Clupeiformesorder	38	−0.01	+0.04	0.99	−0.15	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	+0.28	+0.10	0.32	+0.09	+0.32
Salmoniformesorder	35	+0.17	+0.09	0.70	+0.30	+0.27
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	+0.03	+0.05	0.95	−0.11	−0.24
Cetaceaorder	28	+0.06	+0.17	0.88	−0.13	−0.43
Anseriformesorder	25	−0.31	−0.35	0.43	−0.34	−0.16
Caudataorder	25	+0.23	+0.04	0.79	+0.15	–
Siluriformesorder	24	+0.71	+0.70	0.006 (significant)	+0.55	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	+0.47	+0.24	0.23	+0.33	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	−0.00	−0.04	0.99	+0.01	−0.21
Rajiformesorder	21	−0.20	−0.26	0.90	+0.06	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.21	+0.07	0.85	+0.18	–

Length of ND5 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 28 groups; 2 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of Length of ND5 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,201	+0.11	−0.12	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.01	−0.08
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.07	+0.28	0.086	+0.02	−0.01
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	−0.02	−0.02	0.65	+0.03	−0.26
Birdsclass Aves	405	−0.05	−0.19	0.40	−0.05	−0.02
Reptilesclass Reptilia	125	+0.30	+0.31	0.007 (significant)	−0.05	+0.23
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	−0.04	+0.01	1.00	−0.07	+0.01
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	+0.12	+0.03	1.00	+0.21	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	+0.09	+0.17	0.90	+0.33	–
Perciformesorder	208	−0.05	−0.06	0.62	−0.01	−0.05
Passeriformesorder	140	−0.03	+0.03	0.87	−0.02	+0.13
Artiodactylaorder	134	−0.19	−0.06	0.069	−0.03	−0.05
Cypriniformesorder	127	−0.15	+0.04	0.22	−0.06	+0.28
Carnivoraorder	123	−0.11	−0.11	0.35	+0.08	−0.03
Primatesorder	112	+0.07	+0.07	0.53	−0.04	+0.07
Rodentiaorder	87	−0.07	−0.07	0.65	+0.11	−0.10
Squamataorder	60	+0.06	+0.09	0.90	+0.11	+0.32
Charadriiformesorder	51	+0.08	+0.14	0.78	−0.12	+0.22
Testudinesorder	49	+0.05	+0.01	0.95	−0.08	+0.32
Psittaciformesorder	44	+0.22	+0.12	0.36	−0.13	+0.19
Chiropteraorder	43	−0.17	−0.16	0.90	+0.08	−0.18
Clupeiformesorder	38	−0.11	+0.06	0.89	−0.03	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	−0.06	−0.12	0.85	−0.08	+0.01
Cetaceaorder	28	+0.07	+0.15	0.85	+0.16	−0.01
Anseriformesorder	25	−0.32	−0.34	0.43	−0.04	−0.15
Caudataorder	25	+0.20	+0.03	0.79	+0.24	–
Siluriformesorder	24	+0.43	+0.51	0.13	+0.29	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	+0.19	+0.30	0.65	+0.10	+0.45
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.22	+0.28	0.85	+0.01	–

GC skew of ND5 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 10 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of GC skew of ND5 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,201	−0.26	−0.33	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.08	−0.11
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	−0.17	−0.22	< 0.001 (significant)	−0.12	+0.11
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	−0.31	−0.36	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.00	−0.17
Birdsclass Aves	405	+0.11	+0.11	0.054	+0.08	+0.11
Reptilesclass Reptilia	125	+0.15	+0.15	0.27	+0.06	+0.22
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	−0.03	−0.11	1.00	+0.26	+0.35
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	+0.05	+0.04	1.00	+0.27	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	+0.12	+0.20	0.87	+0.07	–
Perciformesorder	208	−0.06	−0.01	0.51	−0.10	+0.35
Passeriformesorder	140	+0.26	+0.27	0.026 (significant)	+0.16	−0.02
Artiodactylaorder	134	−0.23	−0.10	0.024 (significant)	−0.05	−0.00
Cypriniformesorder	127	−0.24	−0.25	0.030 (significant)	−0.07	+0.40
Carnivoraorder	123	−0.00	−0.09	0.99	+0.03	−0.14
Primatesorder	112	−0.52	−0.55	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.00	−0.23
Rodentiaorder	87	−0.03	−0.05	0.83	+0.06	−0.05
Squamataorder	60	−0.02	−0.06	0.95	−0.04	+0.27
Charadriiformesorder	51	+0.27	+0.27	0.24	+0.12	+0.19
Testudinesorder	49	+0.07	+0.07	0.92	+0.14	+0.25
Psittaciformesorder	44	+0.48	+0.53	0.016 (significant)	+0.19	+0.19
Chiropteraorder	43	+0.18	+0.18	0.90	+0.10	+0.21
Clupeiformesorder	38	−0.04	−0.02	0.98	−0.15	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	+0.25	+0.20	0.38	+0.11	+0.33
Salmoniformesorder	35	+0.15	+0.18	0.72	+0.10	+0.59
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	−0.18	−0.15	0.65	+0.01	+0.43
Cetaceaorder	28	−0.20	−0.17	0.57	−0.05	−0.02
Anseriformesorder	25	+0.22	+0.21	0.60	−0.27	+0.20
Caudataorder	25	−0.06	−0.05	0.89	+0.07	–
Siluriformesorder	24	−0.61	−0.61	0.025 (significant)	−0.32	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	−0.31	−0.10	0.37	−0.08	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	−0.64	+0.00	0.013 (significant)	−0.71	−0.40
Rajiformesorder	21	+0.33	+0.55	0.89	+0.54	–
Scombriformesorder	21	−0.13	−0.11	0.89	−0.00	–

AT skew of ND5 against log₁₀ maximum lifespan in 32 groups; 7 pass q < 0.05. Plot it in the explorer

Correlation of AT skew of ND5 with log10 maximum lifespan by group
Group	n	Pearson r	Spearman ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
All speciesevery class	2,201	+0.24	+0.27	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.11	+0.24
Ray-finned fishesclass Actinopterygii	827	+0.27	+0.23	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.18	+0.05
Mammalsclass Mammalia	615	+0.28	+0.24	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.08	+0.09
Birdsclass Aves	405	+0.08	+0.15	0.18	−0.10	+0.07
Reptilesclass Reptilia	125	−0.10	−0.10	0.52	+0.04	−0.19
Sharks and raysclass Chondrichthyes	82	+0.04	+0.05	1.00	−0.30	−0.26
Amphibiansclass Amphibia	44	−0.11	−0.08	1.00	−0.11	–
Bivalvesclass Bivalvia	35	+0.08	+0.23	0.92	+0.04	–
Perciformesorder	208	+0.13	+0.11	0.14	+0.03	−0.15
Passeriformesorder	140	−0.37	−0.33	0.001 (significant)	−0.23	−0.01
Artiodactylaorder	134	+0.10	+0.01	0.39	+0.07	−0.06
Cypriniformesorder	127	+0.21	+0.19	0.078	+0.05	−0.37
Carnivoraorder	123	+0.07	+0.07	0.60	+0.08	+0.20
Primatesorder	112	+0.34	+0.37	< 0.001 (significant)	+0.07	+0.18
Rodentiaorder	87	−0.20	−0.22	0.16	+0.05	−0.03
Squamataorder	60	+0.05	+0.05	0.90	+0.15	−0.14
Charadriiformesorder	51	−0.22	−0.27	0.38	−0.04	−0.23
Testudinesorder	49	+0.07	+0.06	0.92	−0.14	−0.19
Psittaciformesorder	44	−0.43	−0.41	0.027 (significant)	−0.15	−0.24
Chiropteraorder	43	−0.05	+0.01	0.94	+0.08	−0.15
Clupeiformesorder	38	+0.24	+0.25	0.58	+0.15	–
Pleuronectiformesorder	35	+0.27	+0.29	0.34	+0.11	+0.24
Salmoniformesorder	35	−0.24	−0.22	0.55	+0.04	−0.56
Carcharhiniformesorder	31	+0.10	+0.13	0.79	−0.03	−0.26
Cetaceaorder	28	+0.18	+0.26	0.61	+0.01	−0.02
Anseriformesorder	25	+0.07	+0.12	0.87	+0.09	−0.08
Caudataorder	25	−0.07	−0.04	0.89	+0.05	–
Siluriformesorder	24	+0.48	+0.47	0.091	+0.28	–
Centrarchiformesorder	22	+0.42	+0.24	0.23	−0.00	–
Acipenseriformesorder	21	+0.61	−0.06	0.019 (significant)	+0.70	+0.33
Rajiformesorder	21	−0.37	−0.54	0.89	−0.49	–
Scombriformesorder	21	+0.30	+0.20	0.73	+0.10	–

n: species with both values in the group.
Pearson r, Spearman ρ: strength of the link with log₁₀ lifespan, from −1 to +1; Spearman uses ranks, so a few extreme species weigh less.
q: p-value adjusted for testing every mtDNA feature in the same group (Benjamini–Hochberg); rows with q < 0.05 are highlighted.
PIC r: the same test on phylogenetically independent contrasts, which removes similarity that comes from shared ancestry.
Partial r: the link with lifespan after accounting for body mass (log₁₀ adult weight), since bigger animals tend to live longer.

ND5 aligned across species

2,315 species, 1,193 columns; 604 columns have a residue in at least half of the species, and in 235 of those one residue is in 90% or more. MAFFT v7.526, FFT-NS-2 (progressive)

Loading the alignment of ND5: 2,315 species, 1,193 columns.

All alignment files

Codon usage of ND5

Vertebrates, vertebrate mitochondrial code

Most used codons

Share of all 1,354,383 sense codons of ND5 in 2,230 vertebrates

CUALeu6.3%
AUCIle4.7%
AUAMet4.4%
AUUIle4.2%
ACCThr4.0%
UUCPhe4.0%
ACAThr3.9%
GCCAla3.8%

Preferred codon for each amino acid

Most used synonymous codon and its RSCU, pooled by class; darker cells show a stronger preference

Preferred codon and RSCU for each amino acid in ND5, by class
Amino acid	All vertebratesn 2,230	Mammalsn 627	Birdsn 423	Ray-finned fishesn 895	Reptilesn 135	Sharks and raysn 87	Amphibiansn 47
PheF · 2 codons	UUC1.22	UUC1.21	UUC1.59	UUC1.13	UUC1.28	UUC1.02	UUU1.31
LeuL · 6 codons	CUA2.38	CUA2.68	CUA3.03	CUA1.88	CUA2.81	CUA1.85	UUA1.87
IleI · 2 codons	AUC1.05	AUC1.05	AUC1.46	AUU1.11	AUC1.11	AUU1.15	AUU1.36
MetM · 2 codons	AUA1.62	AUA1.78	AUA1.74	AUA1.36	AUA1.77	AUA1.72	AUA1.68
ValV · 4 codons	GUA1.57	GUA2.03	GUA1.79	GUA1.25	GUA2.03	GUA1.74	GUA1.89
SerS · 6 codons	UCA1.79	UCA2.00	UCC2.19	UCC1.54	UCA2.46	UCA1.97	UCA2.27
ProP · 4 codons	CCC1.53	CCA1.60	CCA1.91	CCC1.73	CCA2.36	CCA1.78	CCA2.06
ThrT · 4 codons	ACC1.62	ACA1.68	ACC1.87	ACC1.69	ACA1.78	ACA1.69	ACA1.77
AlaA · 4 codons	GCC1.92	GCC1.68	GCC2.24	GCC1.96	GCC1.77	GCC1.92	GCA1.55
TyrY · 2 codons	UAC1.28	UAC1.12	UAC1.68	UAC1.29	UAC1.36	UAC1.07	UAU1.15
HisH · 2 codons	CAC1.47	CAC1.44	CAC1.63	CAC1.46	CAC1.51	CAC1.21	CAC1.29
GlnQ · 2 codons	CAA1.74	CAA1.81	CAA1.81	CAA1.63	CAA1.84	CAA1.88	CAA1.79
AsnN · 2 codons	AAC1.38	AAC1.31	AAC1.67	AAC1.38	AAC1.41	AAC1.18	AAU1.05
LysK · 2 codons	AAA1.77	AAA1.83	AAA1.87	AAA1.64	AAA1.86	AAA1.89	AAA1.78
AspD · 2 codons	GAC1.35	GAC1.35	GAC1.62	GAC1.30	GAC1.46	GAC1.05	GAC1.03
GluE · 2 codons	GAA1.61	GAA1.65	GAA1.75	GAA1.47	GAA1.77	GAA1.78	GAA1.66
CysC · 2 codons	UGC1.38	UGC1.32	UGC1.57	UGC1.37	UGC1.43	UGC1.19	UGC1.17
TrpW · 2 codons	UGA1.68	UGA1.77	UGA1.80	UGA1.55	UGA1.73	UGA1.81	UGA1.68
ArgR · 4 codons	CGA2.19	CGA1.99	CGA2.10	CGA2.32	CGA2.49	CGA1.96	CGA2.48
GlyG · 4 codons	GGA1.70	GGA1.90	GGA2.06	GGC1.52	GGA1.73	GGA1.44	GGA1.78

RSCU (relative synonymous codon usage) compares a codon with even use of all codons for its amino acid: 1 means no preference, and the maximum equals the number of synonymous codons. Counts are summed over vertebrate species and read with the vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2); other animals use different codes and are left out.