Order

Pleuronectiformes

35 species in 6 families. Maximum lifespan ranges from 3 years (Fivespot flounder) to 90 years (Atlantic halibut).

Species

with a complete mtDNA

Lifespan range

3–90 yr

Longest: Atlantic halibut

Median GC

46.1%

Range 39.6–47.2%

Families

Largest: Pleuronectidae (24)

The Pleuronectiformes tree

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Outer ring: Maximum lifespan, log scale

Each ring is one rank. Scroll or use + and − to zoom, drag to move; select a group to zoom into it, a species to open it.

Families of Pleuronectiformes

6 families, by species count

Where Pleuronectiformes sit among 2,335 species

Whole-genome GC content against maximum lifespan. Hover or tap a point; select it again to open the species.

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Pleuronectiformes (35)
Other species

Longest-lived

Top 5 and the shortest-lived

What tracks lifespan in Pleuronectiformes

Top 10 of 203 mtDNA features by |ρ| · 11 with q < 0.05

mtDNA features most correlated with log10 maximum lifespan in Pleuronectiformes (n = 35)
Feature	n	r	ρ	q	PIC r	Partial r
Length of COX1 (bp)Length	35	+0.73	+0.70	1.7×10⁻⁴ (significant)	+0.26	+0.65
Length of D-loop (bp)Length	21	+0.55	+0.62	0.092	+0.16	–
Length of all protein-coding genes (bp)Length	35	+0.49	+0.61	0.052	+0.20	−0.11
Ser (S) frequency in all protein-coding genes (% of sense codons)Amino acid	35	−0.66	−0.60	0.002 (significant)	−0.19	−0.14
AUC codon frequency in all protein-coding genes (% of codons)Codon	35	−0.61	−0.58	0.005 (significant)	−0.43	−0.42
Perfect direct repeat pairs bridging the ATP8-COX3 and ND5-CYTB spans (pairs)	35	+0.58	+0.58	0.012 (significant)	+0.46	+0.38
GUU codon frequency in all protein-coding genes (% of codons)Codon	35	+0.54	+0.57	0.029 (significant)	+0.34	−0.03
Glu (E) frequency in all protein-coding genes (% of sense codons)Amino acid	35	+0.64	+0.57	0.003 (significant)	+0.28	+0.39
Cys (C) frequency in all protein-coding genes (% of sense codons)Amino acid	35	−0.53	−0.56	0.031 (significant)	−0.12	−0.57
Hydropathy (GRAVY, Kyte-Doolittle) of all protein-coding genes	35	−0.46	−0.53	0.075	−0.24	−0.56

Lifespan is log₁₀-transformed. r is the Pearson and ρ the Spearman rank correlation across species. q corrects the p-value for testing 203 features at once (Benjamini–Hochberg); green marks q < 0.05.

PIC r uses phylogenetically independent contrasts, so related species do not count as independent evidence. Partial r holds log₁₀ body mass constant, because big animals live longer. Bold values have p < 0.05. Select a feature to plot it against lifespan.

Species in Pleuronectiformes

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20 species

Species in Pleuronectiformes

Hippoglossus hippoglossus	Atlantic halibut	Pleuronectidae	90 yr	17,546 bp	46.06%
Microstomus pacificus	Dover sole	Pleuronectidae	45 yr	16,898 bp	45.89%
Hippoglossus stenolepis	Pacific halibut	Pleuronectidae	42 yr	17,841 bp	45.72%
Atheresthes evermanni	Kamchatka flounder	Pleuronectidae	33 yr	17,175 bp	44.63%
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides	Greenland halibut	Pleuronectidae	30 yr	18,017 bp	45.10%
Hippoglossoides elassodon	Flathead sole	Pleuronectidae	27 yr	17,216 bp	46.32%
Limanda aspera	Yellowfin sole	Pleuronectidae	26 yr	17,194 bp	46.08%
Liopsetta glacialis	Arctic flounder	Pleuronectidae	26 yr	16,865 bp	46.79%
Scophthalmus maximus	Turbot	Scophthalmidae	26 yr	17,583 bp	44.23%
Eopsetta jordani	Petrale sole	Pleuronectidae	25 yr	17,024 bp	46.52%
Platichthys stellatus	Starry flounder	Pleuronectidae	24 yr	17,103 bp	46.79%
Glyptocephalus stelleri	Blackfin flounder	Pleuronectidae	23 yr	17,142 bp	46.28%
Lepidopsetta bilineata	Rock sole	Pleuronectidae	22 yr	17,054 bp	45.83%
Parophrys vetulus	English sole	Pleuronectidae	22 yr	16,914 bp	46.16%
Lyopsetta exilis	Slender sole	Pleuronectidae	20 yr	17,077 bp	46.38%
Lepidopsetta polyxystra	Northern rock sole	Pleuronectidae	18 yr	17,055 bp	46.05%
Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi	Scale-eye plaice	Pleuronectidae	17 yr	17,206 bp	45.80%
Colistium nudipinnis	New Zealand turbot	Rhombosoleidae	16 yr	16,588 bp	45.67%
Atheresthes stomias	Arrowtooth flounder	Pleuronectidae	15 yr	17,133 bp	44.55%
Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini	Yellow striped flounder	Pleuronectidae	15 yr	16,719 bp	46.91%