Rhodeus amarus
European bitterling
GC content
44.39%
Whole genome
Non-coding
982 bp
D-loop 924 bp
Where European bitterling sits among 2,335 species
Whole-genome GC content against maximum lifespan. European bitterling has the 2,013th longest lifespan of them.
- This species
- Other ray-finned fishes
- Other classes
Base composition
Whole genome16,607 bp
- GC skew (G − C) / (G + C)
- −0.226
- AT skew (A − T) / (A + T)
- +0.044
About this record
- Lifespan source
- FishBase v26.06
- Based on
- an animal in the wild
- Data quality
- acceptable
- Licence
- CC BY-NC 4.0
- Status
- New in build 2
- In the database since
- build 2 (2026-11-13)
The lifespan value is for non-commercial use only; the genome data is not restricted by it.
Every change against the 2015 build is in the changelog download.
Composition by region
Reference (L) strand as deposited in RefSeqWhole genome16,607 bp
Protein-coding11,400 bp
12S rRNA988 bp
16S rRNA1,679 bp
All tRNA1,558 bp
D-loop924 bp
Genes and regions
Select a column to sort; select a gene to compare it across species| Composition | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ND1NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 | 975 bp | 45.85% | −0.248 | −0.042 | |||||
| ND2NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 | 1,045 bp | 47.27% | −0.356 | +0.002 | |||||
| COX1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I | 1,551 bp | 44.94% | −0.188 | −0.063 | |||||
| COX2Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II | 691 bp | 45.30% | −0.227 | +0.011 | |||||
| ATP8ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 | 165 bp | 37.58% | −0.355 | +0.049 | |||||
| ATP6ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 | 683 bp | 42.02% | −0.366 | −0.045 | |||||
| COX3Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III | 784 bp | 45.54% | −0.232 | −0.073 | |||||
| ND3NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 | 349 bp | 44.70% | −0.282 | −0.098 | |||||
| ND4LNADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L | 297 bp | 45.12% | −0.313 | −0.067 | |||||
| ND4NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 | 1,382 bp | 45.37% | −0.311 | +0.009 | |||||
| ND5NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 | 1,833 bp | 42.94% | −0.319 | +0.031 | |||||
| ND6NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 | 522 bp | 46.36% | −0.438 | +0.479 | |||||
| CYTBCytochrome b | 1,141 bp | 43.56% | −0.264 | −0.065 | |||||
| 12S rRNA12S ribosomal RNA | 988 bp | 50.30% | −0.099 | +0.218 | |||||
| 16S rRNA16S ribosomal RNA | 1,679 bp | 44.55% | −0.059 | +0.265 | |||||
| D-loopControl region (D-loop) | 924 bp | 36.04% | −0.141 | −0.012 |
Codon usage
Counts per codon, darker is more frequent3,803 codons in all protein-coding genes. Grouped with the Vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2).
Phe F6.1%
UUU149
UUC82
Leu L16.7%
UUA123
UUG24
CUU132
CUC107
CUA187
CUG61
Ile I7.2%
AUU182
AUC93
Met M4.6%
AUA109
AUG67
Val V6.6%
GUU75
GUC54
GUA83
GUG38
Ser S6.3%
UCU47
UCC47
UCA83
UCG10
AGU18
AGC35
Pro P5.6%
CCU40
CCC88
CCA71
CCG14
Thr T7.6%
ACU39
ACC116
ACA125
ACG9
Ala A8.7%
GCU47
GCC148
GCA115
GCG22
Tyr Y2.9%
UAU39
UAC70
His H2.7%
CAU28
CAC73
Gln Q2.6%
CAA74
CAG23
Asn N3.2%
AAU48
AAC74
Lys K2.0%
AAA68
AAG9
Asp D2.1%
GAU15
GAC66
Glu E2.7%
GAA76
GAG26
Cys C0.7%
UGU4
UGC23
Trp W3.2%
UGA91
UGG29
Arg R2.1%
CGU13
CGC17
CGA33
CGG16
Gly G6.4%
GGU24
GGC87
GGA86
GGG45
Stop 0.2%
UAA5
UAG1
AGA0
AGG0
Genome map
38 annotated features in NC_031538.1Hover, tap or tab to a feature to see its position, length, strand and GC content. Genes and rRNAs open their own pages.
- Protein-coding13
- rRNA2
- tRNA22
- D-loop1
- Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
- Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (44.4%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).
All 38 features as a table
| Feature | Type | Start | End | Length | Strand | GC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tRNA-Phe | Transfer RNA | 1 | 68 | 68 bp | + | – |
| 12S rRNA | Ribosomal RNA | 69 | 1,056 | 988 bp | + | 50.3% |
| tRNA-Val | Transfer RNA | 1,057 | 1,128 | 72 bp | + | – |
| 16S rRNA | Ribosomal RNA | 1,129 | 2,807 | 1,679 bp | + | 44.6% |
| tRNA-Leu (UUR) | Transfer RNA | 2,808 | 2,883 | 76 bp | + | – |
| ND1 | Protein-coding gene | 2,884 | 3,858 | 975 bp | + | 45.9% |
| tRNA-Ile | Transfer RNA | 3,863 | 3,934 | 72 bp | + | – |
| tRNA-Gln | Transfer RNA | 3,933 | 4,003 | 71 bp | − | – |
| tRNA-Met | Transfer RNA | 4,005 | 4,073 | 69 bp | + | – |
| ND2 | Protein-coding gene | 4,074 | 5,118 | 1,045 bp | + | 47.3% |
| tRNA-Trp | Transfer RNA | 5,119 | 5,189 | 71 bp | + | – |
| tRNA-Ala | Transfer RNA | 5,191 | 5,259 | 69 bp | − | – |
| tRNA-Asn | Transfer RNA | 5,261 | 5,333 | 73 bp | − | – |
| tRNA-Cys | Transfer RNA | 5,366 | 5,433 | 68 bp | − | – |
| tRNA-Tyr | Transfer RNA | 5,434 | 5,503 | 70 bp | − | – |
| COX1 | Protein-coding gene | 5,505 | 7,055 | 1,551 bp | + | 44.9% |
| tRNA-Ser (UCN) | Transfer RNA | 7,056 | 7,126 | 71 bp | − | – |
| tRNA-Asp | Transfer RNA | 7,129 | 7,198 | 70 bp | + | – |
| COX2 | Protein-coding gene | 7,207 | 7,897 | 691 bp | + | 45.3% |
| tRNA-Lys | Transfer RNA | 7,898 | 7,973 | 76 bp | + | – |
| ATP8 | Protein-coding gene | 7,975 | 8,139 | 165 bp | + | 37.6% |
| ATP6 | Protein-coding gene | 8,133 | 8,815 | 683 bp | + | 42.0% |
| COX3 | Protein-coding gene | 8,816 | 9,599 | 784 bp | + | 45.5% |
| tRNA-Gly | Transfer RNA | 9,600 | 9,670 | 71 bp | + | – |
| ND3 | Protein-coding gene | 9,671 | 10,019 | 349 bp | + | 44.7% |
| tRNA-Arg | Transfer RNA | 10,021 | 10,090 | 70 bp | + | – |
| ND4L | Protein-coding gene | 10,091 | 10,387 | 297 bp | + | 45.1% |
| ND4 | Protein-coding gene | 10,381 | 11,762 | 1,382 bp | + | 45.4% |
| tRNA-His | Transfer RNA | 11,763 | 11,831 | 69 bp | + | – |
| tRNA-Ser (AGY) | Transfer RNA | 11,832 | 11,900 | 69 bp | + | – |
| tRNA-Leu (CUN) | Transfer RNA | 11,902 | 11,974 | 73 bp | + | – |
| ND5 | Protein-coding gene | 11,975 | 13,807 | 1,833 bp | + | 42.9% |
| ND6 | Protein-coding gene | 13,804 | 14,325 | 522 bp | − | 46.4% |
| tRNA-Glu | Transfer RNA | 14,326 | 14,394 | 69 bp | − | – |
| CYTB | Protein-coding gene | 14,400 | 15,540 | 1,141 bp | + | 43.6% |
| tRNA-Thr | Transfer RNA | 15,541 | 15,614 | 74 bp | + | – |
| tRNA-Pro | Transfer RNA | 15,614 | 15,683 | 70 bp | − | – |
| D-loop | Control region | 15,684 | 16,607 | 924 bp | – | 36.0% |