Sardina pilchardus

True sardine

Maximum lifespan

15 yr

AnAge record

mtDNA size

16,822 bp

RefSeq NC_009592.1

GC content

50.07%

Whole genome

Non-coding

1,149 bp

D-loop 896 bp

Where True sardine sits among 2,335 species

Whole-genome GC content against maximum lifespan. True sardine has the 1,206th longest lifespan of them.

This species
Other ray-finned fishes
Other classes

Plot other mtDNA features with this species highlighted

Base composition

Whole genome16,822 bp

GC skew (G − C) / (G + C): −0.132
AT skew (A − T) / (A + T): −0.032

Life history

Maximum lifespan: 15 years
Female sexual maturity: 2 years
Male sexual maturity: 2 years

Lifespan from AnAge · AnAge record · other traits from AnAge Build 15 (HAGRID 03845)

About this record

Lifespan source: AnAge build 15
Based on: an animal in the wild
Data quality: acceptable, medium sample
Licence: Free to use, subject to the Human Ageing Genomic Resources conditions of use
Status: Updated in build 2
In the database since: build 1 (2015-07-01)
Last changed: build 2 (2026-11-13)

Every change against the 2015 build is in the changelog download.

Composition by region

Reference (L) strand as deposited in RefSeq

Whole genome16,822 bp

Protein-coding11,489 bp

12S rRNA953 bp

16S rRNA1,682 bp

All tRNA1,550 bp

D-loop896 bp

Genes and regions

Select a column to sort; select a gene to compare it across species

Base composition of Sardina pilchardus genes

ND1NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1	975 bp	18.1%	29.2%	22.1%	30.7%	52.72%	−0.163	−0.236
ND2NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2	1,046 bp	20.8%	25.2%	19.5%	34.4%	53.92%	−0.277	−0.095
COX1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I	1,551 bp	21.8%	29.3%	22.5%	26.4%	48.87%	−0.079	−0.148
COX2Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II	691 bp	25.6%	27.6%	18.8%	27.9%	46.74%	−0.195	−0.038
ATP8ATP synthase F0 subunit 8	168 bp	29.2%	23.8%	16.7%	30.4%	47.02%	−0.291	+0.101
ATP6ATP synthase F0 subunit 6	683 bp	22.4%	28.7%	18.0%	30.9%	48.90%	−0.263	−0.123
COX3Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III	785 bp	21.5%	26.2%	22.2%	30.1%	52.23%	−0.151	−0.099
ND3NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3	349 bp	20.3%	30.4%	20.3%	28.9%	49.28%	−0.174	−0.198
ND4LNADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L	297 bp	17.5%	27.6%	20.9%	34.0%	54.88%	−0.239	−0.224
ND4NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4	1,381 bp	21.6%	27.7%	22.6%	28.1%	50.69%	−0.109	−0.125
ND5NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5	1,839 bp	23.4%	27.5%	20.0%	29.1%	49.10%	−0.185	−0.079
ND6NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6	600 bp	31.7%	18.3%	22.5%	27.5%	50.00%	−0.100	+0.267
CYTBCytochrome b	1,141 bp	21.1%	28.0%	21.3%	29.5%	50.83%	−0.162	−0.141
12S rRNA12S ribosomal RNA	953 bp	28.5%	21.1%	24.0%	26.3%	50.37%	−0.046	+0.150
16S rRNA16S ribosomal RNA	1,682 bp	30.7%	19.6%	23.6%	26.2%	49.76%	−0.051	+0.221
D-loopControl region (D-loop)	896 bp	26.8%	27.2%	20.8%	25.0%	45.86%	−0.093	−0.008

Codon usage

Counts per codon, darker is more frequent

Gene

3,832 codons in all protein-coding genes. Grouped with the Vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2).

Phe F6.2%

UUU117

UUC121

Leu L15.7%

UUA50

UUG49

CUU154

CUC122

CUA117

CUG111

Ile I6.8%

AUU136

AUC126

Met M4.1%

AUA49

AUG108

Val V7.3%

GUU73

GUC75

GUA62

GUG71

Ser S6.5%

UCU48

UCC63

UCA52

UCG27

AGU12

AGC46

Pro P5.7%

CCU48

CCC84

CCA55

CCG31

Thr T7.4%

ACU53

ACC113

ACA73

ACG45

Ala A9.7%

GCU60

GCC175

GCA87

GCG51

Tyr Y2.8%

UAU34

UAC75

His H2.7%

CAU27

CAC76

Gln Q2.5%

CAA50

CAG47

Asn N2.7%

AAU34

AAC69

Lys K2.2%

AAA37

AAG46

Asp D2.1%

GAU29

GAC53

Glu E2.7%

GAA39

GAG64

Cys C0.9%

UGU14

UGC20

Trp W3.1%

UGA75

UGG45

Arg R2.0%

CGU6

CGC8

CGA41

CGG21

Gly G6.6%

GGU35

GGC67

GGA55

GGG95

Stop 0.2%

UAA5

UAG0

AGA0

AGG1

Genome map

38 annotated features in NC_009592.1

Hover, tap or tab to a feature to see its position, length, strand and GC content. Genes and rRNAs open their own pages.

Protein-coding13
rRNA2
tRNA22
D-loop1

Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (50.1%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).

All 38 features as a table

Annotated features of Sardina pilchardus (NC_009592.1)
Feature	Type	Start	End	Length	Strand	GC
tRNA-Phe	Transfer RNA	1	69	69 bp	+	–
12S rRNA	Ribosomal RNA	70	1,022	953 bp	+	50.4%
tRNA-Val	Transfer RNA	1,023	1,094	72 bp	+	–
16S rRNA	Ribosomal RNA	1,095	2,776	1,682 bp	+	49.8%
tRNA-Leu (UUR)	Transfer RNA	2,778	2,852	75 bp	+	–
ND1	Protein-coding gene	2,853	3,827	975 bp	+	52.7%
tRNA-Ile	Transfer RNA	3,841	3,912	72 bp	+	–
tRNA-Gln	Transfer RNA	3,912	3,982	71 bp	−	–
tRNA-Met	Transfer RNA	3,982	4,050	69 bp	+	–
ND2	Protein-coding gene	4,051	5,096	1,046 bp	+	53.9%
tRNA-Trp	Transfer RNA	5,096	5,167	72 bp	+	–
tRNA-Ala	Transfer RNA	5,171	5,239	69 bp	−	–
tRNA-Asn	Transfer RNA	5,240	5,312	73 bp	−	–
tRNA-Cys	Transfer RNA	5,343	5,409	67 bp	−	–
tRNA-Tyr	Transfer RNA	5,412	5,482	71 bp	−	–
COX1	Protein-coding gene	5,484	7,034	1,551 bp	+	48.9%
tRNA-Ser (UCN)	Transfer RNA	7,035	7,105	71 bp	−	–
tRNA-Asp	Transfer RNA	7,111	7,179	69 bp	+	–
COX2	Protein-coding gene	7,192	7,882	691 bp	+	46.7%
tRNA-Lys	Transfer RNA	7,883	7,956	74 bp	+	–
ATP8	Protein-coding gene	7,958	8,125	168 bp	+	47.0%
ATP6	Protein-coding gene	8,116	8,798	683 bp	+	48.9%
COX3	Protein-coding gene	8,799	9,583	785 bp	+	52.2%
tRNA-Gly	Transfer RNA	9,584	9,655	72 bp	+	–
ND3	Protein-coding gene	9,656	10,004	349 bp	+	49.3%
tRNA-Arg	Transfer RNA	10,005	10,074	70 bp	+	–
ND4L	Protein-coding gene	10,075	10,371	297 bp	+	54.9%
ND4	Protein-coding gene	10,365	11,745	1,381 bp	+	50.7%
tRNA-His	Transfer RNA	11,746	11,814	69 bp	+	–
tRNA-Ser (AGY)	Transfer RNA	11,815	11,882	68 bp	+	–
tRNA-Leu (CUN)	Transfer RNA	11,882	11,951	70 bp	+	–
ND5	Protein-coding gene	11,952	13,790	1,839 bp	+	49.1%
ND6	Protein-coding gene	13,971	14,570	600 bp	−	50.0%
tRNA-Glu	Transfer RNA	14,572	14,640	69 bp	−	–
CYTB	Protein-coding gene	14,645	15,785	1,141 bp	+	50.8%
tRNA-Thr	Transfer RNA	15,786	15,856	71 bp	+	–
tRNA-Pro	Transfer RNA	15,856	15,926	71 bp	−	–
D-loop	Control region	15,927	16,822	896 bp	–	45.9%