MitoAge

Spermophilus citellus

European ground squirrel

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Maximum lifespan
6.7 yr
AnAge record
mtDNA size
16,447 bp
RefSeq NC_059784.1
GC content
35.41%
Whole genome
Non-coding
1,073 bp
D-loop 1,000 bp

Where European ground squirrel sits among 2,335 species

Whole-genome GC content against maximum lifespan. European ground squirrel has the 1,880th longest lifespan of them.

10203040501 yr10 yr100 yrMaximum lifespan, log scaleGC %European ground squirrel
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Plot other mtDNA features with this species highlighted

Base composition

Whole genome16,447 bp
GC skew (G − C) / (G + C)
−0.302
AT skew (A − T) / (A + T)
+0.015

Life history

Maximum lifespan
6.7 years
Adult weight
217 g
Basal metabolic rate
1.272 W
Body temperature
37.5 °C
Female sexual maturity
314 days
Male sexual maturity
314 days
Gestation or incubation
27 days
Litter or clutch size
6
Litters per year
1.3

Lifespan from AnAge · AnAge record · other traits from AnAge build 15 (HAGRID 03172)

About this record

Lifespan source
AnAge build 15
Based on
an animal in captivity
Data quality
acceptable, medium sample
Licence
Free to use, subject to the Human Ageing Genomic Resources conditions of use
Status
New in build 2
In the database since
build 2 (2026-11-13)

Every change against the 2015 build is in the changelog download.

Composition by region

Reference (L) strand as deposited in RefSeq
Whole genome16,447 bp
Protein-coding11,330 bp
12S rRNA971 bp
16S rRNA1,565 bp
All tRNA1,508 bp
D-loop1,000 bp

Genes and regions

Select a column to sort; select a gene to compare it across species
Composition
ND1NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1956 bp31.4%31.0%10.9%26.8%37.66%−0.422+0.007
ND2NADH dehydrogenase subunit 21,042 bp34.8%33.1%7.7%24.4%32.05%−0.521+0.025
COX1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I1,542 bp28.5%33.6%16.0%21.9%37.94%−0.156−0.083
COX2Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II684 bp32.3%31.9%12.9%23.0%35.82%−0.282+0.007
ATP8ATP synthase F0 subunit 8204 bp36.8%32.4%6.4%24.5%30.88%−0.587+0.064
ATP6ATP synthase F0 subunit 6680 bp30.7%34.6%10.0%24.7%34.71%−0.424−0.059
COX3Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III784 bp27.8%33.7%14.4%24.1%38.52%−0.252−0.095
ND3NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3347 bp28.8%35.7%11.2%24.2%35.45%−0.366−0.107
ND4LNADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L297 bp27.3%38.4%12.8%21.5%34.34%−0.255−0.169
ND4NADH dehydrogenase subunit 41,378 bp32.3%34.3%9.7%23.7%33.38%−0.417−0.031
ND5NADH dehydrogenase subunit 51,818 bp32.2%33.7%9.7%24.4%34.16%−0.430−0.023
ND6NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6525 bp41.7%25.9%5.9%26.5%32.38%−0.635+0.234
CYTBCytochrome b1,140 bp29.2%33.2%12.5%25.1%37.54%−0.336−0.065
12S rRNA12S ribosomal RNA971 bp36.4%25.2%16.7%21.7%38.41%−0.131+0.181
16S rRNA16S ribosomal RNA1,565 bp37.5%27.9%16.1%18.5%34.63%−0.070+0.148
D-loopControl region (D-loop)1,000 bp32.7%31.5%11.8%24.0%35.80%−0.341+0.019

Codon usage

Counts per codon, darker is more frequent

3,796 codons in all protein-coding genes. Grouped with the Vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2).

Phe F6.6%
UUU156
UUC95
Leu L16.0%
UUA175
UUG15
CUU143
CUC73
CUA191
CUG12
Ile I9.3%
AUU257
AUC95
Met M6.2%
AUA198
AUG37
Val V4.6%
GUU51
GUC27
GUA89
GUG6
Ser S8.0%
UCU87
UCC45
UCA123
UCG3
AGU21
AGC25
Pro P5.1%
CCU58
CCC63
CCA71
CCG2
Thr T7.8%
ACU80
ACC78
ACA130
ACG8
Ala A6.2%
GCU84
GCC54
GCA95
GCG4
Tyr Y3.5%
UAU89
UAC43
His H2.6%
CAU48
CAC49
Gln Q2.1%
CAA78
CAG2
Asn N4.2%
AAU85
AAC74
Lys K2.5%
AAA85
AAG9
Asp D1.8%
GAU41
GAC27
Glu E2.6%
GAA86
GAG12
Cys C0.7%
UGU11
UGC17
Trp W2.7%
UGA101
UGG3
Arg R1.7%
CGU16
CGC2
CGA47
CGG0
Gly G5.6%
GGU42
GGC40
GGA110
GGG21
Stop 0.2%
UAA4
UAG1
AGA2
AGG0

Genome map

38 annotated features in NC_059784.1

Hover, tap or tab to a feature to see its position, length, strand and GC content. Genes and rRNAs open their own pages.

  • Protein-coding13
  • rRNA2
  • tRNA22
  • D-loop1
  • Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
  • Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (35.4%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).
All 38 features as a table
FeatureTypeStartEndLengthStrandGC
tRNA-PheTransfer RNA17070 bp+–
12S rRNARibosomal RNA711,041971 bp+38.4%
tRNA-ValTransfer RNA1,0421,11170 bp+–
16S rRNARibosomal RNA1,1122,6761,565 bp+34.6%
tRNA-Leu (UUR)Transfer RNA2,6772,75074 bp+–
ND1Protein-coding gene2,7543,709956 bp+37.7%
tRNA-IleTransfer RNA3,7103,77869 bp+–
tRNA-GlnTransfer RNA3,7763,85176 bp−–
tRNA-MetTransfer RNA3,8553,92369 bp+–
ND2Protein-coding gene3,9244,9651,042 bp+32.1%
tRNA-TrpTransfer RNA4,9665,03368 bp+–
tRNA-AlaTransfer RNA5,0375,10569 bp−–
tRNA-AsnTransfer RNA5,1125,18473 bp−–
tRNA-CysTransfer RNA5,2165,28267 bp−–
tRNA-TyrTransfer RNA5,2835,34866 bp−–
COX1Protein-coding gene5,3576,8981,542 bp+37.9%
tRNA-Ser (UCN)Transfer RNA6,9016,96969 bp−–
tRNA-AspTransfer RNA6,9737,04169 bp+–
COX2Protein-coding gene7,0427,725684 bp+35.8%
tRNA-LysTransfer RNA7,7297,79567 bp+–
ATP8Protein-coding gene7,7978,000204 bp+30.9%
ATP6Protein-coding gene7,9588,637680 bp+34.7%
COX3Protein-coding gene8,6389,421784 bp+38.5%
tRNA-GlyTransfer RNA9,4229,49170 bp+–
ND3Protein-coding gene9,4929,838347 bp+35.5%
tRNA-ArgTransfer RNA9,8399,90567 bp+–
ND4LProtein-coding gene9,90710,203297 bp+34.3%
ND4Protein-coding gene10,19711,5741,378 bp+33.4%
tRNA-HisTransfer RNA11,57511,64369 bp+–
tRNA-Ser (AGY)Transfer RNA11,64511,70157 bp+–
tRNA-Leu (CUN)Transfer RNA11,70311,77270 bp+–
ND5Protein-coding gene11,77313,5901,818 bp+34.2%
ND6Protein-coding gene13,57414,098525 bp−32.4%
tRNA-GluTransfer RNA14,09914,16769 bp−–
CYTBProtein-coding gene14,17215,3111,140 bp+37.5%
tRNA-ThrTransfer RNA15,31215,37766 bp+–
tRNA-ProTransfer RNA15,38115,44767 bp−–
D-loopControl region15,44816,4471,000 bp–35.8%

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