Squalius cephalus

European chub

Maximum lifespan

22 yr

AnAge record

mtDNA size

16,612 bp

RefSeq NC_031540.1

GC content

44.96%

Whole genome

Non-coding

997 bp

D-loop 935 bp

Where European chub sits among 2,335 species

Whole-genome GC content against maximum lifespan. European chub has the 796th longest lifespan of them.

This species
Other ray-finned fishes
Other classes

Plot other mtDNA features with this species highlighted

Base composition

Whole genome16,612 bp

GC skew (G − C) / (G + C): −0.202
AT skew (A − T) / (A + T): +0.045

Life history

Maximum lifespan: 22 years
Adult weight: 4.4 kg
Female sexual maturity: 5 years
Male sexual maturity: 3.5 years

Lifespan from AnAge · AnAge record · other traits from AnAge build 15 (HAGRID 03905)

About this record

Lifespan source: AnAge build 15
Based on: an animal in the wild
Data quality: acceptable, medium sample
Licence: Free to use, subject to the Human Ageing Genomic Resources conditions of use
Status: New in build 2
In the database since: build 2 (2026-11-13)

Every change against the 2015 build is in the changelog download.

Composition by region

Reference (L) strand as deposited in RefSeq

Whole genome16,612 bp

Protein-coding11,403 bp

12S rRNA958 bp

16S rRNA1,691 bp

All tRNA1,563 bp

D-loop935 bp

Genes and regions

Select a column to sort; select a gene to compare it across species

Base composition of Squalius cephalus genes

ND1NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1	975 bp	24.1%	27.2%	18.2%	30.6%	48.72%	−0.255	−0.060
ND2NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2	1,045 bp	25.8%	25.2%	17.7%	31.3%	49.00%	−0.277	+0.013
COX1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I	1,551 bp	25.7%	30.0%	18.6%	25.7%	44.36%	−0.160	−0.078
COX2Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II	691 bp	29.2%	27.2%	17.1%	26.5%	43.56%	−0.216	+0.036
ATP8ATP synthase F0 subunit 8	165 bp	34.5%	22.4%	13.3%	29.7%	43.03%	−0.380	+0.213
ATP6ATP synthase F0 subunit 6	683 bp	28.4%	29.3%	14.1%	28.3%	42.31%	−0.336	−0.015
COX3Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III	784 bp	26.4%	27.9%	17.7%	27.9%	45.66%	−0.223	−0.028
ND3NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3	349 bp	24.9%	30.4%	17.2%	27.5%	44.70%	−0.231	−0.098
ND4LNADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L	297 bp	26.6%	28.6%	16.5%	28.3%	44.78%	−0.263	−0.037
ND4NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4	1,382 bp	28.0%	27.4%	16.1%	28.5%	44.65%	−0.277	+0.012
ND5NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5	1,836 bp	29.1%	27.2%	15.3%	28.4%	43.74%	−0.300	+0.034
ND6NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6	522 bp	36.4%	15.9%	15.7%	32.0%	47.70%	−0.341	+0.392
CYTBCytochrome b	1,141 bp	26.2%	28.5%	16.7%	28.7%	45.31%	−0.265	−0.042
12S rRNA12S ribosomal RNA	958 bp	30.7%	19.8%	23.0%	26.5%	49.48%	−0.072	+0.215
16S rRNA16S ribosomal RNA	1,691 bp	33.6%	21.3%	22.3%	22.8%	45.06%	−0.011	+0.223
D-loopControl region (D-loop)	935 bp	32.0%	32.2%	14.9%	21.0%	35.83%	−0.170	−0.003

Codon usage

Counts per codon, darker is more frequent

Gene

3,804 codons in all protein-coding genes. Grouped with the Vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2).

Phe F5.9%

UUU101

UUC125

Leu L16.5%

UUA107

UUG25

CUU120

CUC103

CUA215

CUG59

Ile I6.9%

AUU167

AUC97

Met M4.7%

AUA112

AUG66

Val V6.7%

GUU60

GUC55

GUA104

GUG34

Ser S6.4%

UCU45

UCC61

UCA66

UCG12

AGU15

AGC44

Pro P5.7%

CCU44

CCC62

CCA91

CCG18

Thr T7.8%

ACU50

ACC104

ACA112

ACG31

Ala A9.0%

GCU54

GCC141

GCA116

GCG33

Tyr Y2.9%

UAU54

UAC58

His H2.7%

CAU26

CAC77

Gln Q2.6%

CAA80

CAG20

Asn N2.9%

AAU41

AAC70

Lys K2.0%

AAA59

AAG18

Asp D2.1%

GAU29

GAC49

Glu E2.7%

GAA67

GAG34

Cys C0.7%

UGU7

UGC19

Trp W3.2%

UGA98

UGG22

Arg R2.0%

CGU9

CGC16

CGA33

CGG18

Gly G6.4%

GGU35

GGC61

GGA92

GGG57

Stop 0.2%

UAA4

UAG2

AGA0

AGG0

Genome map

38 annotated features in NC_031540.1

Hover, tap or tab to a feature to see its position, length, strand and GC content. Genes and rRNAs open their own pages.

Protein-coding13
rRNA2
tRNA22
D-loop1

Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (45.0%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).

All 38 features as a table

Annotated features of Squalius cephalus (NC_031540.1)
Feature	Type	Start	End	Length	Strand	GC
tRNA-Phe	Transfer RNA	1	69	69 bp	+	–
12S rRNA	Ribosomal RNA	70	1,027	958 bp	+	49.5%
tRNA-Val	Transfer RNA	1,028	1,099	72 bp	+	–
16S rRNA	Ribosomal RNA	1,100	2,790	1,691 bp	+	45.1%
tRNA-Leu (UUR)	Transfer RNA	2,791	2,866	76 bp	+	–
ND1	Protein-coding gene	2,868	3,842	975 bp	+	48.7%
tRNA-Ile	Transfer RNA	3,847	3,918	72 bp	+	–
tRNA-Gln	Transfer RNA	3,917	3,987	71 bp	−	–
tRNA-Met	Transfer RNA	3,989	4,057	69 bp	+	–
ND2	Protein-coding gene	4,058	5,102	1,045 bp	+	49.0%
tRNA-Trp	Transfer RNA	5,103	5,173	71 bp	+	–
tRNA-Ala	Transfer RNA	5,175	5,243	69 bp	−	–
tRNA-Asn	Transfer RNA	5,245	5,317	73 bp	−	–
tRNA-Cys	Transfer RNA	5,350	5,416	67 bp	−	–
tRNA-Tyr	Transfer RNA	5,418	5,488	71 bp	−	–
COX1	Protein-coding gene	5,490	7,040	1,551 bp	+	44.4%
tRNA-Ser (UCN)	Transfer RNA	7,041	7,111	71 bp	−	–
tRNA-Asp	Transfer RNA	7,115	7,188	74 bp	+	–
COX2	Protein-coding gene	7,202	7,892	691 bp	+	43.6%
tRNA-Lys	Transfer RNA	7,893	7,969	77 bp	+	–
ATP8	Protein-coding gene	7,970	8,134	165 bp	+	43.0%
ATP6	Protein-coding gene	8,128	8,810	683 bp	+	42.3%
COX3	Protein-coding gene	8,811	9,594	784 bp	+	45.7%
tRNA-Gly	Transfer RNA	9,595	9,666	72 bp	+	–
ND3	Protein-coding gene	9,667	10,015	349 bp	+	44.7%
tRNA-Arg	Transfer RNA	10,016	10,084	69 bp	+	–
ND4L	Protein-coding gene	10,085	10,381	297 bp	+	44.8%
ND4	Protein-coding gene	10,375	11,756	1,382 bp	+	44.7%
tRNA-His	Transfer RNA	11,757	11,825	69 bp	+	–
tRNA-Ser (AGY)	Transfer RNA	11,826	11,894	69 bp	+	–
tRNA-Leu (CUN)	Transfer RNA	11,894	11,968	75 bp	+	–
ND5	Protein-coding gene	11,969	13,804	1,836 bp	+	43.7%
ND6	Protein-coding gene	13,801	14,322	522 bp	−	47.7%
tRNA-Glu	Transfer RNA	14,323	14,391	69 bp	−	–
CYTB	Protein-coding gene	14,396	15,536	1,141 bp	+	45.3%
tRNA-Thr	Transfer RNA	15,537	15,608	72 bp	+	–
tRNA-Pro	Transfer RNA	15,608	15,677	70 bp	−	–
D-loop	Control region	15,678	16,612	935 bp	–	35.8%