MitoAge

Sturnus vulgaris

European starling

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Maximum lifespan
22.9 yr
AnAge record
mtDNA size
16,793 bp
RefSeq NC_029360.1
GC content
47.62%
Whole genome
Non-coding
1,316 bp
D-loop 1,233 bp

Where European starling sits among 2,335 species

Whole-genome GC content against maximum lifespan. European starling has the 746th longest lifespan of them.

10203040501 yr10 yr100 yrMaximum lifespan, log scaleGC %European starling
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Plot other mtDNA features with this species highlighted

Base composition

Whole genome16,793 bp
GC skew (G − C) / (G + C)
−0.369
AT skew (A − T) / (A + T)
+0.132

Life history

Maximum lifespan
22.9 years
Adult weight
74 g
Birth weight
6.4 g
Basal metabolic rate
0.877 W
Female sexual maturity
365 days
Male sexual maturity
365 days
Gestation or incubation
12 days
Litter or clutch size
5
Litters per year
2
Postnatal growth rate
0.409 per day

Lifespan from AnAge · AnAge record · other traits from AnAge build 15 (HAGRID 01264)

About this record

Lifespan source
AnAge build 15
Based on
an animal in the wild
Data quality
acceptable, large sample
Licence
Free to use, subject to the Human Ageing Genomic Resources conditions of use
Status
New in build 2
In the database since
build 2 (2026-11-13)

Every change against the 2015 build is in the changelog download.

Composition by region

Reference (L) strand as deposited in RefSeq
Whole genome16,793 bp
Protein-coding11,378 bp
12S rRNA974 bp
16S rRNA1,599 bp
All tRNA1,536 bp
D-loop1,233 bp

Genes and regions

Select a column to sort; select a gene to compare it across species
Composition
ND1NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1978 bp24.7%24.7%15.5%35.0%50.51%−0.3850.000
ND2NADH dehydrogenase subunit 21,040 bp29.7%23.8%12.4%34.1%46.54%−0.467+0.112
COX1Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I1,551 bp26.6%23.7%17.6%32.2%49.77%−0.293+0.058
COX2Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II684 bp28.8%22.4%15.9%32.9%48.83%−0.347+0.126
ATP8ATP synthase F0 subunit 8168 bp34.5%22.0%7.1%36.3%43.45%−0.671+0.221
ATP6ATP synthase F0 subunit 6684 bp27.6%22.7%11.8%37.9%49.71%−0.524+0.099
COX3Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III784 bp26.9%21.9%15.7%35.5%51.15%−0.387+0.102
ND3NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3351 bp28.8%24.5%13.1%33.6%46.72%−0.439+0.080
ND4LNADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L297 bp25.9%24.2%13.8%36.0%49.83%−0.446+0.034
ND4NADH dehydrogenase subunit 41,378 bp29.5%21.8%11.6%37.1%48.69%−0.523+0.149
ND5NADH dehydrogenase subunit 51,818 bp30.7%21.8%12.1%35.4%47.53%−0.491+0.170
ND6NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6519 bp36.8%11.2%11.9%40.1%52.02%−0.541+0.534
CYTBCytochrome b1,143 bp29.2%23.7%13.6%33.5%47.07%−0.424+0.104
12S rRNA12S ribosomal RNA974 bp29.8%20.9%21.6%27.7%49.28%−0.125+0.174
16S rRNA16S ribosomal RNA1,599 bp33.4%20.9%20.3%25.4%45.72%−0.111+0.230
D-loopControl region (D-loop)1,233 bp29.0%26.3%12.6%32.1%44.69%−0.437+0.050

Codon usage

Counts per codon, darker is more frequent

3,797 codons in all protein-coding genes. Grouped with the Vertebrate mitochondrial code (NCBI table 2).

Phe F5.9%
UUU38
UUC186
Leu L17.2%
UUA32
UUG11
CUU42
CUC153
CUA338
CUG78
Ile I7.5%
AUU64
AUC220
Met M4.3%
AUA111
AUG53
Val V5.3%
GUU29
GUC67
GUA81
GUG26
Ser S7.3%
UCU28
UCC112
UCA72
UCG9
AGU7
AGC49
Pro P5.9%
CCU34
CCC90
CCA89
CCG11
Thr T8.3%
ACU36
ACC148
ACA123
ACG9
Ala A8.4%
GCU43
GCC177
GCA85
GCG15
Tyr Y2.9%
UAU23
UAC89
His H2.7%
CAU10
CAC93
Gln Q2.5%
CAA87
CAG8
Asn N3.4%
AAU19
AAC109
Lys K2.3%
AAA81
AAG7
Asp D1.7%
GAU10
GAC55
Glu E2.4%
GAA77
GAG15
Cys C0.9%
UGU4
UGC29
Trp W2.8%
UGA92
UGG15
Arg R1.8%
CGU4
CGC15
CGA48
CGG3
Gly G6.0%
GGU20
GGC68
GGA99
GGG41
Stop 0.3%
UAA5
UAG2
AGA2
AGG1

Genome map

38 annotated features in NC_029360.1

Hover, tap or tab to a feature to see its position, length, strand and GC content. Genes and rRNAs open their own pages.

  • Protein-coding13
  • rRNA2
  • tRNA22
  • D-loop1
  • Outer ring: + strand, arrows run clockwise. Inner ring: − strand.
  • Middle ring: GC% of each gene against the whole genome (47.6%, dashed): out is GC-richer, in is AT-richer (full height = 6 points).
All 38 features as a table
FeatureTypeStartEndLengthStrandGC
tRNA-PheTransfer RNA16969 bp+–
12S rRNARibosomal RNA701,043974 bp+49.3%
tRNA-ValTransfer RNA1,0441,11370 bp+–
16S rRNARibosomal RNA1,1142,7121,599 bp+45.7%
tRNA-Leu (UUR)Transfer RNA2,7132,78775 bp+–
ND1Protein-coding gene2,7943,771978 bp+50.5%
tRNA-IleTransfer RNA3,7823,85372 bp+–
tRNA-GlnTransfer RNA3,8603,93071 bp−–
tRNA-MetTransfer RNA3,9293,99971 bp+–
ND2Protein-coding gene3,9995,0381,040 bp+46.5%
tRNA-TrpTransfer RNA5,0395,10870 bp+–
tRNA-AlaTransfer RNA5,1105,17869 bp−–
tRNA-AsnTransfer RNA5,1865,25873 bp−–
tRNA-CysTransfer RNA5,2595,32567 bp−–
tRNA-TyrTransfer RNA5,3255,39571 bp−–
COX1Protein-coding gene5,3976,9471,551 bp+49.8%
tRNA-Ser (UCN)Transfer RNA6,9397,01173 bp−–
tRNA-AspTransfer RNA7,0157,08369 bp+–
COX2Protein-coding gene7,0947,777684 bp+48.8%
tRNA-LysTransfer RNA7,7797,84668 bp+–
ATP8Protein-coding gene7,8488,015168 bp+43.5%
ATP6Protein-coding gene8,0068,689684 bp+49.7%
COX3Protein-coding gene8,6969,479784 bp+51.2%
tRNA-GlyTransfer RNA9,4809,54869 bp+–
ND3Protein-coding gene9,5499,899351 bp+46.7%
tRNA-ArgTransfer RNA9,9019,97070 bp+–
ND4LProtein-coding gene9,97210,268297 bp+49.8%
ND4Protein-coding gene10,26211,6391,378 bp+48.7%
tRNA-HisTransfer RNA11,64011,70970 bp+–
tRNA-Ser (AGY)Transfer RNA11,71111,77363 bp+–
tRNA-Leu (CUN)Transfer RNA11,77411,84471 bp+–
ND5Protein-coding gene11,84513,6621,818 bp+47.5%
CYTBProtein-coding gene13,67114,8131,143 bp+47.1%
tRNA-ThrTransfer RNA14,81714,88569 bp+–
tRNA-ProTransfer RNA14,89614,96267 bp−–
ND6Protein-coding gene14,97015,488519 bp−52.0%
tRNA-GluTransfer RNA15,48915,56072 bp−–
D-loopControl region15,56116,7931,233 bp–44.7%

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